Residential

Photovoltaic(PV)
Installation
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SAFETY
 WHAT IS SAFETY ?
SAFETY – freedom from HAZARDS.
HAZARD – anything that may likely cause
personal injury or damage to property, or their
combination.

Since NO WORKPLACE with ZERO hazards:

SAFETY is control of hazards to attain an
acceptable level of RISKS.
RISKS is the degree of exposure or chances of
exposure to hazards.
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 Article XIII Section 3 of Philippine
Constitution
• The state shall afford full protection to
labor, .....

• They shall be entitled to security of

tenure, humane conditions of work,
and a living wage.

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Employers and Workers are Obliged to :
TO FULFILL THE SOCIAL OBLIGATION
- We must save lives
- Do whatever it takes

TO FULFILL THE FISCAL OBLIGATION

• We must save money
• Do what we have to

TO FULFILL THE LEGAL OBLIGATION

• We must stay out of trouble
• Do only what we have to

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 To fulfill Social Obligation...
• People causes unsafe ACTS & unsafe CONDITIONS
which are sources of hazards.
• Safety must be a way of life. It provides
corrective, preventive & predictive measures to
minimize accidents.
• Loss avoidance through systematic approach in
safety management.
• Safety is required by LAW.
 To fulfill Fiscal Obligation...
• PROFITABILITY – a business must make money
(profit) in order to survive.
• GROWTH – to increase its profit, it must expand,
go into other types of business.
• CONTINUITY – any interruption or disruption of a
business operation will affect its productivity and
profitability.
 ACCIDENT
ACCIDENT – is an [unplanned, unexpected,
unwanted, unforeseen] EVENT that interrupts
or disrupts the normal and orderly progress of
any activity which may result in injury (minor,
serious or fatal) to people and/or damage or
destruction of property that result to losses; or
their combination.
 How do ACCIDENTS occur ?
Accidents (with or without injuries) occur
when a series of unrelated events coincide at a
certain time and space.
- This can be from a few events to a
series of a dozen or more events, thus actual
accidents only happen infrequently.
 ACCIDENT
The immediate causes of accidents are the :
• unsafe ACTS
• unsafe CONDITIONS.
 ACCIDENT
More or less, 90% of accidents are caused
by UNSAFE ACTS and the remaining 10%
are caused by UNSAFE CONDITIONS.
It has also been estimated that about 98%
of accidents could have been prevented
and the remaining 2% only are
unpreventable in nature.
Unsafe Acts
- An unsafe act occurs in approx. 85%-
95% of all analyzed accidents with injuries
- An unsafe act is usually the last of a
series of events before the accident occurs
(it could occur at any step of the event)
- By stopping or eliminating the unsafe act,
we can stop the accident from occurring
Human Factors (types of unsafe acts)
• Negligence
• Anger/Temper
• Hasty Decisions
• Indifference
• Distractions
• Curiosity
• Inadequate Instructions
• Poor Work Habits
• Over-Confidence
• Lack of Planning
Unsafe Conditions
• (ENVIRONMENTAL) – the unsafe condition which
could have been guarded or corrected. (ex.:
improper guarding, defective agencies, poor
housekeeping, poor ventilation, improper
illumination, degradation of equipment or tools
through unsafe procedures, etc.).
Unsafe Conditions
• Inadequate guards/barriers
• Presence of defective tools/equipment/materials
• Congestion or restricted body movement
• Inadequate warning systems
• Presence of Fire/explosion hazards
• Poor housekeeping/disorder
• With Noise/radiation exposure
• Exposure to extremes of temperature / ventilation
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
 INTRODUCTION
Employers must protect employees:
• Assess the workplace
• Eliminate and reduce the hazards found using
engineering and administrative controls
• Then use appropriate personal protective
equipment
• Remember, Personal Protective Equipment is the
last level of control.
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HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS

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 HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
Elimination/substitution:
• Highest level of protection
• Eliminate hazard from the workplace
• Substitute
– Use safer item/substance
– Use same chemical but in a different form; as particle
size of a substance decreases, hazard level increases

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 HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
Engineering controls:
• Physical changes to workplace
• Examples
– Isolation
– Ventilation
– Equipment modification
– Others

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 HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
Administrative controls/work practice control:
• Requires worker or employer to do something
• Examples
– Written proper operating procedures, work permits and safe
work practices
– Inspection and maintenance
– Housekeeping
– Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials
– Supervision
– Training
– Alarms, signs and warnings
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 HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
PPE controls:
• Requires worker to wear something
• Examples

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 TYPES OF PPE
Head protection:
• Frequent causes of head injuries
– Falling objects from above striking on the head;
– Bump head against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or
beams; or
– Accidental head contact with electrical hazards.

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 TYPES OF PPE
• Classes of hard hats:
– CLASS G (General)
• Protect against impact, penetration
• Low-voltage electrical protection (proof-tested to
2,200 volts)

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Source of graphics: OSHA
 TYPES OF PPE
• Classes of hard hats:
– CLASS E (Electrical)
• Designed for electrical/utility work
• Protect against falling objects, impact
• Electrical protection against high-voltage
(proof-tested to 20,000 volts)

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Source of graphics: OSHA
 TYPES OF PPE
• Classes of hard hats:
– CLASS C (Conductive)
• Designed for comfort; offers limited protection
• Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects
• Does not protect against falling objects or electrical
hazards

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Source of graphics: OSHA
 TYPES OF PPE
Eye and face protection:

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Source of graphics: OSHA
 TYPES OF PPE
Common causes of eye injuries
• Chemical splashes
• Blood or Other Potentially Infectious
Material (OPIM) splashes or sprays
• Intense light
• Dust and other flying particles
• Molten metal splashes
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Source of graphics: OSHA
 TYPES OF PPE
Selecting eye and face protection –
elements to consider:
• Ability to protect against workplace hazards
• Should fit properly
• Should provide unrestricted vision and movement
• Durable and cleanable
• Allow unrestricted functioning of other PPE

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Source of graphics: OSHA
 TYPES OF PPE
Selecting eye and face protection –
elements to consider:
• Ability to protect against workplace hazards
• Should fit properly
• Should provide unrestricted vision and movement
• Durable and cleanable
• Allow unrestricted functioning of other PPE

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Source of graphics: OSHA
 Types of PPE
Hand protection:
• Potential hazards for hands
– Skin absorption of hazardous
substances
– Lacerations or severe cuts
– Punctures
– Chemical burns
– Thermal burns
– Extreme temperatures
 Types of PPE
Foot and leg protection:
• Causes of foot injuries:
– Falling or rolling of heavy objects
– Crushing or penetrating materials
– Sharp objects that can penetrate
the sole
– Exposure to molten metal
– Working on, or around, hot, wet, or slippery surfaces
– Working when electrical
hazards are present.
 Types of PPE

Hearing protection:
 Types of PPE
Training requirements:
• Each employee who is required to use PPE must
be trained to know:
– When PPE is necessary
– What PPE is necessary
– How to properly put on, take off, adjust, and wear the
PPE
– The limitation of the PPE
– Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of
PPE
ELECTRICAL
SAFETY
 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Definitions:
• Electricity – movement of the free electrons
between atoms;
– Related terms:
• Current – the movement of
electrical charge
• Resistance – opposition to current flow
• Voltage – a measurement of electrical force

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 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
• Conductors – substances, such as metals, that have
little resistance to electricity
• Insulators – substances, such as dry wood, rubber,
glass and Bakelite, that have high resistance to
electricity
• Grounding – a conductive connection to the earth
which acts as a protective measure

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 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Serious injuries and death can be caused by electrical hazards such as arc flash, shocks, burns, falls, and fires. Source of graphics: OSHA 41
 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
• Examples of electrical hazards that could cause
workers to be electrocuted.

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 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

BE SAFE
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 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
Burns
Electrocution
Shock
Arc flash/arc blast
Fire
Explosions 44
 Types of Electrical Hazards
Contact with overhead power lines:
• Overhead and buried
power lines carry
extremely high voltage
• Risks
– Electrocution (main risk)
– Burns and falls

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 Types of Electrical Hazards
• Cranes are not the only
equipment that can
reach overhead power
lines.
• Use of ladders or
suspension in a man-
basket under or near
power lines are risks.
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 Types of Electrical Hazards
Contact with energized sources:
• Live parts
–The major hazards
• Electrical shock and burns
• Electrical shock occurs
when the body becomes
part of the electric circuit

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 Types of Electrical Hazards
– Severity and effects of an
electrical shock depend on a
number of factors
• Pathway through the body
• Amount of current
• Length of time of the exposure
• Whether skin is wet or dry
– Water
• Great conductor
• Allows current to flow more easily
in wet conditions and through wet
skin 48
 (1,000 milliamperes = 1 amp; therefore, 15,000 milliamperes = 15 amp circuit)
Current
Below 1 milliampere
1 milliampere
5 milliampere
6-25 milliamperes (women)
9-30 milliamperes (men)
50-150 milliampres
1,000-4,300 milliamperes
10,000 milliamperes
Reaction
Generally not perceptible
Faint tingle
Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing. Average
individual can let go. Strong involuntary reactions can
lead to other injuries
Painful shock, loss of muscular control
The freezing current or “let-go” range. Individual
cannot let go, but can be thrown away from the circuit
if extensor muscles are stimulated.
Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular
contractions. Death is possible.
Rhythmic pumping action of the heart ceases.
Muscular contraction and nerve damage occur; death
likely
Cardiac arrest, severe burns; death probable
This table shows the body’s reaction when exposed to various levels of current. Source: OSHA
 Types of Electrical Hazards
• Damaged or bare wires
– Fault current may travel through a body, causing
electrical burns or death, if
• Power supply is not grounded
• Path has been broken
• There are live parts or bare wires
– Extreme conditions and rough treatment can
change electrical equipment from safe to
hazardous
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 Types of Electrical Hazards
• Defective equipment or tools

These photos show examples of defective equipment/tools. Source of photos: OSHA

 Types of Electrical Hazards
Improper use:
• Extension and flexible cords
– Care
– Connection
– Capacity

Source: TEEX SH 46F1-

HT06

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 Types of Electrical Hazards
– Capacity affected by
• Size of wire
– 14 gauge = 15 amps
– 12 gauge = 20 amps
• Length of the cord
– UL tag capacity
– In general any cord over 100
ft. requires one size larger
cord
(14 gauge to 12 gauge) Source:
OSHA

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 Types of Electrical Hazards

• Power strips:
– Can be over loaded
because of multiple
plug arrangement
– Most have overload protection
but often malfunction causing fire Source: UBATC

– Use fixed wiring when possible

 Electrical Protection Methods

Inspect portable tools and

extension cords:
• Workers need to inspect
extension cords prior to their
use for any cuts or abrasion.
• Electric hand tools that are Source: UBATC

old, damaged, or misused may

have damaged insulation
inside.
 Electrical Protection Methods

Use power tools and equipment as designed:

• Follow tool safety tips to avoid misusing
equipment
• Follow manufacturer’s instructions

Source: UBATC
 Electrical Protection Methods
Tool safety tips
• Never carry a tool by the cord.
• Never yank the cord to disconnect it.
• Keep cords away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.
• Disconnect when not in use and when changing
accessories such as blades and bits.
Source: UBATC
 Electrical Protection Methods
Follow lockout/tagout (LOTO) procedures:
• Lockout/tagout
– Essential safety procedure
– Protects workers from injury while working on or
near electrical circuits and equipment
– Prevents contact with operating equipment parts
such as, blades, gears, shafts, etc. Source: UBATC
 HAZARDS
IDENTIFICATION,
RISK ASSESSMENT
& RISK CONTROL