Electrohydrodynamic

atomization (EHDA)
Group members-

Manan Paneri 2017B5A10768P

Ananya Singh 2017B5A10970P
Shruti Kumari 2017
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROCEDURE
3. TYPES OF EHDA AND RAYLEIGH DISINTEGRATION
4. CRITERIA FOR EDHA
5. CEHDA (COAXIAL- EHDA)
6. APPLICATIONS
1. PREPARATION OF MICROBUBBLE FORMATION
2. MASS SPECTROSCOPY
3. ELECTROSPRAY BASED OZONE FREE TECHNOLOGY
7. REFERENCES
Electrohydrodynamic Atomization (EHDA)
➔ Electrohydrodynamics- It is the study of dynamics of electrically charged fluids.
➔ EHDA is the process where a liquid jet breaks up into droplets under influence of electrical forces.
➔ The formation of droplets depends on:
◆ the strength of the electric stresses
◆ the liquid surface relative to the surface tension stress
◆ the kinetic energy of the liquid leaving the nozzle.
Procedure
➔ A cone-jet is used to pump liquid through a nozzle at a low flow rate.
➔ The electric field induces a surface charge. The electric stress created overcomes the surface tension
stress and transforms the droplet at the nozzle into a conical shape, the Taylor cone.
➔ Depending on the ratio of the normal electric stress over the surface tension stress in the jet surface, the
jet will break up due to varicose instabilities and lateral instabilities.
➔ At a low normal electric stress ratio in the varicose break-up mode, the desired monodisperse droplets are
produced.
Types of EHDA and Rayleigh disintegration
➔ Different spraying modes are- dripping, microdripping,
simple-jet, single cone spraying (stable cone–jet), coaxial
and multiple cone spraying.
➔ Rayleigh disintegration- It happens when the mutual repulsion
of electric charges exceeds the confining force of surface tension,
leading to the evaporation of droplets.
◆ Neutralization is with ions of opposite charge created
by corona discharge.
◆ qR = 8πε1/2𝛾1/2r3/2
◆ LR = (64 π2ε𝛾r3)qR
Criteria for EHDA
Surface tension and electric conductivity of solvents play a critical role in EHDA.

➔ Organic solvents are often used in EHDA as they usually possess low surface tension.
➔ Characteristics-
◆ Low vapor pressure and high BP: particles with smaller size and smoother surface morphology.
◆ Low boiling temperature- textured and/or highly porous surfaces.
➔ Inert gas environments or vacuum is required for EHDA with water as it otherwise leads to coronal
discharge.
➔ Conductivity with a range of 10-4 to 10-8 S m-1 is generally considered for EHDA in cone-jet mode.
➔ Qmin= εr𝛾/⍴K (Barrero)
➔ The size of the liquid droplets generated by EHDA in the cone- jet mode,
dj ~ r* = (Qεε0/K)⅓ ( De La Mora and Loscertales )
Co-axial Electrohydrodynamic
atomization
● Preparation of Microbubble Suspensions
1. Preparation of Microbubble Suspension
➔ Co-axial Electrohydrodynamic atomization-
◆ In CEHDA, a pair of coaxial needles is used in contrast to EHDA, which uses a single needle.
◆ In CEHDA, two different liquids or suspensions are pumped through two concentrically placed
needles, which are subjected to an applied voltage and the co-flowing liquids are capable of
experiencing various modes of atomization as in the case of EHDA.
➔ Using this concept Microbubble preparation is carried out, In addition to this now we are going to analyze
the behaviour of bubbles for -
◆ Different combinations of liquid and air flow rates.
◆ Increasing Applied Voltage.
Onset of Microbubble formation
➔ For different combinations of liquid and air Fig. . Evolution of
microbubbling as a
flow rates, at zero applied voltage, a large function of flow rate (FR)
and applied voltage (AV):
number of bubbles get collected in the (a) FRair = 1.66 μl/s,
FRglycerol = 2.50 μl/s, AV
meniscus of the liquid (Fig 3(a)). = 0 kV;

➔ Subsequently, this transformes to a hollow jet

(b) FRair = 1.66 μl/s,
(Fig. 3(b)), with similar diameter, and with a FRglycerol = 2.50 μl/s, AV
= 0 kV;
cluster of microbubbles at its end.
➔ With application of electric field, the hollow jet (c) FRair = 1.66 μl/s,
FRglycerol = 2.50 μl/s, AV
geometry was gradually changed into a conical = 5 kV;

shape (Fig. 3(c)).

(d) FRair = 1.66 μl/s,
➔ When the electric field reach ∼0.7 kV/mm, a FRglycerol = 2.50 μl/s, AV
= 8.8 kV.
steady cone-jet started emitting a thread of
microbubbles from the apex of the cone,
irrespective of the flow rates (Fig. 3(d)).
 Fig.. Size distributions of
microbubble suspensions
obtained at:

Effect of Flow Rate (a) FRair = 2.08 μl/s,

FRglycerol = 5.00 μl/s, n =
2.4, AV = 8.8 kV;
➔ The ratio (n) of liquid to air flow rates for the system was
varied systematically between 1.2 and 2.4, with close (b) FRair = 2.08 μl/s,
monitoring of the air flow rate. FRglycerol = 2.50 μl/s, n =
◆ At n = 2.4 with the air flow rate set at 1.66 μl/s (Fig. 1.2, AV = 8.8 kV;
4(a)) a multimodal bubble size distribution shows a
(c) FRair = 1.66 μl/s,
large number of bubbles >10 μm and a few bubbles
FRglycerol = 2.50 μl/s, n =
>30 μm. 1.5, AV = 8.8 kV;
◆ Keeping the air flow rate constant, and taking n from
2.4 to 1.2 by reducing the liquid flow rate to 2.5 μl/s (d) optical micrograph of
resulted in a monomodal size distribution with 80% microbubble suspension
of the bubbles <10 μm in size (Fig. 4(b)). obtained under conditions
given in fig. c
◆ Further decrease of the air flow rate i.e. n = 1.5,
gives a microbubble suspension with bubble sizes 5–
12 μm and 94% of the bubbles <10 μm (Fig. 4(c and
d)).
HELLO SHRUTI
References yaha links daal do i’ll cite in mla
form
➔ Xie, Jingwei, et al. "Electrohydrodynamic atomization: A two-decade effort to produce and process micro-
/nanoparticulate materials." Chemical engineering science 125 (2015): 32-57.
➔ https://www.gilberttechnologies.eu/basic-principle-of-electro-hydrodynamic-atomization/
➔ Unger, Evan C., et al. "Therapeutic applications of microbubbles." European journal of Radiology 42.2 (2002):
160-168.