Komponen - Komponen Elektronik

KULIAH 2
KOMPONEN - KOMPONEN
ELEKTRONIK
ARIEF WISNU WARDHANA B.ENG, M.ENG
KOMPONEN - KOMPONEN ELEKTRONIK
RESISTORS
RESISTOR FORMULA
 The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing
force similar in many respects to mechanical friction. This opposition,
due to the collisions between electrons and between electrons and
other atoms in the material, which converts electrical energy into
another form of energy such as heat, is called the resistance of the
material.
 The unit of measurement of resistance is the ohm, for which the
symbol is , the capital Greek letter omega. The circuit symbol for
resistance appears in
Gambar 2.1.
RESISTORS
RESISTOR FORMULA
 The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-sectional area is
determined by the following four factors :
1. Material
2. Length
3. Cross-sectional area
4. Temperature
 At a fixed temperature of 20°C (room temperature), the resistance is
related to the other three factors by
Equation 2.1.
RESISTORS
RESISTOR FORMULA
 where ρ (Greek letter rho) is a characteristic of the material called
the resistivity, l is the length of the sample, and A is the cross-
sectional area of the sample.
 Table 1.1 gives the resistivity of some common materials. The
resistivity ρ is temperature dependant, usually having a positive
temperature coefficient (resistance increases as temperature
increases), except for some metal oxides and semiconductors
which have a negative temperature coefficient.
RESISTORS
RESISTOR FORMULA
Tabel 2.1.
RESISTORS
RESISTOR FORMULA
 The metal oxides are used for thermistors. The variation of resistance
with temperature is given by
RESISTORS
RESISTOR FORMULA
 The variation of resistance with temperature in some materials
(platinum) is linear over a wide temperature range. Hence, platinum
resistors are often used as temperature sensors.
 Ohm’s law applies to both dc and ac circuits, and states that in an
electrical circuit the electromotive force (emf) will cause a current I
to flow in a resistance R, such that the emf is equal to the current
times the resistance, i.e.
 This can also be written as

RESISTORS
RESISTOR FORMULA
RESISTORS
TYPES OF RESISTORS - Fixed Resistors

 Resistors are made in many forms, but all belong in either of two
groups: fixed or variable.
 The most common of the low-wattage, fixed-type resistors is the
molded carbon composition resistor. The basic construction is shown
in Fig. 1.3.
Gambar 2.2.
RESISTORS

 The relative sizes of all fixed and variable resistors change with the
wattage (power) rating, increasing in size for increased wattage
ratings in order to withstand the higher currents and dissipation
losses.
 The relative sizes of the molded composition resistors for different
wattage ratings are shown in Fig. 3.18.
 Resistors of this type are readily available in values ranging from 2.7
to 22 M.
RESISTORS

RESISTORS
 The miniaturization of parts—used quite extensively in computers— requires that
resistances of different values be placed in very small packages. Some examples
appear in Fig. 2.4.
Gambar 2.4.
RESISTORS

 For use with printed circuit boards, fixed resistor networks in a variety
of configurations are available in miniature packages, such as those
shown in Fig. 2.5.
 The figure includes a photograph of three different casings and the
internal resistor configuration for the single in-line structure to the
right.
Gambar 2.5.
RESISTORS
TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

 Variable resistors, as the name implies, have a terminal resistance that
can be varied by turning a dial, knob, screw, or whatever seems
appropriate for the application.
 They can have two or three terminals, but most have three terminals.
 If the two- or three-terminal device is used as a variable resistor, it is
usually referred to as a rheostat.
 If the three-terminal device is used for controlling potential levels, it is
then commonly called a potentiometer.
 Even though a three-terminal device can be used as a rheostat or
potentiometer (depending on how it is connected), it is typically called
a potentiometer when listed in trade magazines or requested for a
particular application
RESISTORS

 The symbol for a three-terminal potentiometer appears in Fig.2.6.(a).
 When used as a variable resistor (or rheostat), it can be hooked up in
one of two ways, as shown in Fig. 2.6.(b) and (c). In Fig. 2.6.(b), points a
and b are hooked up to the circuit, and the remaining terminal is left
hanging.
 The resistance introduced is determined by that portion of the resistive
element between points a and b.
 In Fig. 2.6.(c), the resistance is again between points a and b, but now
the remaining resistance is “shorted-out” (effect removed) by the
connection from b to c.
 The universally accepted symbol for a rheostat appears in Fig. 2.6.(d).
RESISTORS
Gambar 2.6.
RESISTORS

 Most potentiometers have three terminals in the relative positions
shown in Fig. 2.7.
 The knob, dial, or screw in the center of the housing controls the
motion of a contact that can move along the resistive element
connected between the outer two terminals.
 The contact is connected to the center terminal, establishing a
resistance from movable contact to each outer terminal.
RESISTORS
Gambar 2.7.
RESISTORS

 The resistance between the outside terminals a and c of Fig. 2.8(a)
(and Fig. 2.7) is always fixed at the full rated value of the
potentiometer, regardless of the position of the wiper arm b.
 The resistance between the wiper arm and either outside terminal
can be varied from a minimum of 0 to a maximum value equal to
the full rated value of the potentiometer.
 The sum of the resistances between the wiper arm and each outside
terminal will equal the full rated resistance of the potentiometer
RESISTORS
Gambar 2.8.
RESISTORS

 In other words, the resistance between terminals a and c of Fig.
2.8(a) for a 1-M potentiometer will always be 1 M, no matter how we
turn the control element and move the contact. In Fig. 3.25(a) the
center contact is not part of the network configuration.
 In Fig. 3.25(b) the wiper arm has been placed 1/4 of the way down
from point a to point c. The resulting resistance between points a
and b will therefore be 1/4 of the total, or 250 k (for a 1-M
potentiometer), and the resistance between b and c will be 3/4 of
the total, or 750 k.
RESISTORS

 This was demonstrated by Fig. 3.25(b), where 250 k 750 k 1 M.
Specifically:
RESISTORS
COLOR CODING AND STANDARD RESISTOR VALUES

 A wide variety of resistors, fixed or variable, are large enough to
have their resistance in ohms printed on the casing.
 Some, however, are too small to have numbers printed on them, so
a system of color coding is used.
 For the fixed molded composition resistor, four or five color bands
are printed on one end of the outer casing, as shown in Fig. 3.28.
 Each color has the numerical value indicated in Table 3.7. The color
bands are always read from the end that has the band closest to it,
as shown in Fig. 2.9.
RESISTORS

Gambar 2.9.
RESISTORS

 The first and second bands represent the first and second digits,
respectively. The third band determines the power-of-ten multiplier
for the first two digits (actually the number of zeros that follow the
second digit) or a multiplying factor if gold or silver.
 The fourth band is the manufacturer’s tolerance, which is an
indication of the precision by which the resistor was made. If the
fourth band is omitted, the tolerance is assumed to be 20%.
 The fifth band is a reliability factor, which gives the percentage of
failure per 1000 hours of use. For instance, a 1% failure rate would
reveal that one out of every 100 (or 10 out of every 1000) will fail to
fall within the tolerance range after 1000 hours of use.
CAPACITORS
PENDAHULUAN
 Thus far, the only passive device appearing in the text
has been the resistor.
 We will now consider two additional passive devices
called the capacitor and the inductor, which are quite
different from the resistor in purpose, operation, and
construction.
 Both the inductor and the capacitor have the ability to
store energy.
CAPACITORS
PENDAHULUAN
 Inductors store energy in the form of current and
capacitors store energy in the form of voltage.
 The energy stored in these elements is released
back into the circuit when a DC source is removed.
 Unlike the resistor, both elements display their total
characteristics only when a change in voltage or
current is made in the circuit in which they exist.
CAPACITORS
THE OPERATION OF A CAPACITORS

 To understand the operation of a capacitor, consider
the circuit of Figure 2.10.
Gambar 2.10.
CAPACITORS

 Here a battery, a resistor, a switch and a capacitor are
connected in series. While the switch is open no current
will flow around the circuit. However, when the switch is
closed (as in Figure 2.10b) the e.m.f. Produced by the
battery will attempt to drive a current around the
network.
 Electrons flowing from the negative terminal of the
battery will flow onto the lower plate of the capacitor,
where they will repel electrons from the upper plate.
CAPACITORS
 As electrons are repelled from this plate, they leave a
residual positive charge (in the form of a deficit of
negatively charged electrons).
 The combined effect of these two processes is that
electrons flow into the lower plate of the capacitor and
flow out from the upper plate.
 Note that this represents a flow of conventional current
in the opposite direction.
 Since electrons flow into one side of the capacitor and
flow out of the other, it might appear that current is
flowing through it.
CAPACITORS

 However, this is an illusion. The dielectric between the
plates of the capacitor is an insulator, and electrons do
not actually cross this barrier.
 It should also be noted that this flow of electrons cannot
last indefinitely.
 As electrons flow around the circuit they produce an
increasing positive charge on one side of the capacitor
and an increasing negative charge on the other.
CAPACITORS

 The result is an increasing electric field between
the two plates.
 This produces a potential difference 𝑉𝐶 across
the capacitor, which opposes the e.m.f. of the
battery.
 Eventually, the voltage across the capacitor is
equal to that of the battery and the current falls
to zero.
CAPACITORS

 In this state, the capacitor is storing electric charge
and is therefore storing electrical energy.
 If the switch is opened at this point there is no path
by which this charge can flow, and the capacitor
will remain charged with a voltage of 𝑉𝐶 across it.
CAPACITORS

 If now a resistor is connected across the charged
capacitor, the stored energy will drive a current through
the resistor, discharging the capacitor and releasing the
stored energy.
 The capacitor therefore acts a little like a ‘rechargeable
battery’, although the mechanism used to store the
electrical energy is very different and the amount of
energy stored is normally very small.
CAPACITORS
CAPACITANCE
 In Fig. 2.11. for example, two parallel plates of a
conducting material separated by an air gap have
been connected through a switch and a resistor to a
battery.
Gambar 2.11.
CAPACITORS
CAPACITANCE
 This element, constructed simply of two parallel conducting plates
separated by an insulating material (in this case, air), is called a
capacitor.
 Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor’s ability to store charge
on its plates—in other words, its storage capacity.
 For a given capacitor, the charge stored Q is directly proportional to
the voltage across it V. The relationship between these two
quantities is given by the capacitance C of the capacitor, such that
CAPACITORS
CAPACITANCE
 If the charge is measured in coulombs and the
voltage in volts, then the capacitance has the
units of farads.
 A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad if 1
coulomb of charge is deposited on the plates by
a potential difference of 1 volt across the plates.
CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR FORMULAS
Expressed as an equation, the capacitance is determined
by
CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR FORMULAS
 The dielectric constants of some common materials are given in
Table 2.2.
 A 1-F capacitor is defined as a capacitor that will store 1 C of
charge when there is a voltage potential of 1 V across the plates of
the capacitor (a coulomb of charge is obtained when a current of
1 A flows for 1 s).
CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR FORMULAS
 A farad is a very large unit and microfarad and picofarad are the
commonly used units.
 In electrical circuits, capacitors are used to block dc voltages, but
will allow ac voltages to pass through them.
 Capacitors do, however, present impedance not resistance to ac
current flow. This is due to the fact that the current and voltage are
not in phase.
 Impedance is similar to the resistance a resistor presents to a dc
current flow, but as they are not identical they cannot be directly
added.
CAPACITORS
CAPACITORS FORMULAS
 The impedance of a capacitor to AC flow is given by
 Ohm’s law also applies to ac circuits, so that the relation

between voltage and current is given by
where E is the ac voltage amplitude and I is the AC

current flowing.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS
 Like resistors, all capacitors can be included
under either of two general headings : fixed or
variable. The symbol for a fixed capacitor is ,
and for a variable capacitor
 The curved line represents the plate that is
usually connected to the point of lower
potential.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – mica capacitor

 Many types of fixed capacitors are available today.
Some of the most common are the mica, ceramic,
electrolytic, tantalum, and polyesterfilm capacitors.
 The typical flat mica capacitor consists basically of mica
sheets separated by sheets of metal foil.
 The plates are connected to two electrodes, as shown in
Fig. 2.12.
 The entire system is encased in a plastic insulating
material as shown for the two central units of Fig. 2.13.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors

Mica capacitors
Gambar 2.12 Gambar 2.13.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – ceramic

capacitor
 The ceramic capacitor is made in many shapes and
sizes, two of which are shown in Fig. 2.14.
 The basic construction, however, is about the same for
each, as shown in Fig. 2.15.
 A ceramic base is coated on two sides with a metal,
such as copper or silver, to act as the two plates. The
leads are then attached through electrodes to the
plates. An insulating coating of ceramic or plastic is then
applied over the plates and dielectric.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – ceramic capacitor

Gambar 2.14.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS – Fixed
Capacitors – ceramic capacitor
Gambar 2.15.
CAPACITORS
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – electrolytic capacitor

 The electrolytic capacitor is used most commonly in situations where
capacitances of the order of one to several thousand microfarads
are required.
 They are designed primarily for use in networks where only dc
voltages will be applied across the capacitor because they have
good insulating characteristics (high leakage current) between the
plates in one direction but take on the characteristics of a
conductor in the other direction.
 Electrolytic capacitors are available that can be used in ac circuits
(for starting motors) and in cases where the polarity of the dc
voltage will reverse across the capacitor for short periods of time.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – electrolytic capacitor

 Associated with each electrolytic capacitor are the dc working
voltage and the surge voltage. The working voltage is the voltage
that can be applied across the capacitor for long periods of time
without breakdown.
 The surge voltage is the maximum dc voltage that can be applied
for a short period of time. Electrolytic capacitors are characterized
as having low breakdown voltages and high leakage currents (R
leakage about 1 M).
 Various types of electrolytic capacitors are shown in Fig. 2.16. They
can be found in values extending from a few microfarads to several
thousand microfarads and working voltages as high as 500 V.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS –
Fixed Capacitors – electrolytic capacitor
Gambar 2.16.
CAPACITORS
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – tantalum capacitor

 There are fundamentally two types of tantalum capacitors : the solid
and the wet-slug. In each case, tantalum powder of high purity is
pressed into a rectangular or cylindrical shape, as shown in Fig. 2.17.
Gambar 2.17
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors –

tantalum capacitor
 Next the anode (+) connection is simply pressed
into the resulting structures, as shown in the
figure. The resulting unit is then sintered (baked)
in a vacuum at very high temperatures to
establish a very porous material.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – polyster-film

capacitor
 The last type of fixed capacitor to be introduced is the
polyester-film capacitor, the basic construction of which
is shown in Fig. 2.18.
 It consists simply of two metal foils separated by a strip of
polyester material such as Mylar®. The outside layer of
polyester is applied to act as an insulating jacket. Each
metal foil is connected to a lead that extends either
axially or radially from the capacitor.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – polyster-film

capacitor
 The rolled construction results in a large surface area, and the
use of the plastic dielectric results in a very thin layer between
the conducting surfaces.
Gambar 2.18
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS – Variable Capacitors

 The most common of the variable-type capacitors is shown in Fig. 2.19.
 The dielectric for each capacitor is air. The capacitance in Fig. 2.19(a) is
changed by turning the shaft at one end to vary the common area of
the movable and fixed plates. The greater the common area, the
larger the capacitance, as determined by Equation below
 The capacitance of the trimmer capacitor in Fig. 2.19(b) is changed by

turning the screw, which will vary the distance between the plates (the
common area is fixed) and thereby the capacitance.
CAPACITORS
TYPES OF CAPACITORS – Variable Capacitors

Gambar 2.19.
CAPACITORS
Standard Values and Recognition Factor

 The standard values for capacitors employ the same
numerical multipliers encountered for resistors.
 The most common have the same numerical multipliers
as the most common resistors, that is, those available
with the full range of tolerances (5%, 10%, and 20%).
 They include 0.1 mF, 0.15 mF, 0.22 mF, 0.33 mF, 0.47 mF,
and 0.68 mF, and then 1 mF, 1.5 mF, 2.2 mF, 3.3 mF, 4.7
mF, and so on.
CAPACITORS

 Figure 2.20 was developed to establish a recognition
factor when it comes to the various types of capacitors.
 In other words, it will help you to develop the skills to
identify types of capacitors, their typical range of values,
and some of the most common applications.
 The figure is certainly not all-inclusive, but it does offer a
first step in establishing a sense for what to expect for
various applications.
CAPACITORS
Gambar 2.20
CAPACITORS
Marking Schemes
 Due to the small size of some capacitors, various marking
schemes have been adopted to provide the
capacitance level, the tolerance, and, if possible, the
maximum working voltage.
 In general, however, the size of the capacitor is the first
indicator of its value.
 The smaller units are typically in picofarads (pF) and the
larger units in microfarads (mF).
CAPACITORS
Marking Schemes
 Keeping this simple fact in mind will usually provide an
immediate indication of the expected capacitance
level.
 On larger mF units, the value can usually be printed on
the jacket with the tolerance and maximum working
voltage. However, smaller units need to use some form
of abbreviation as shown in Fig. 2.21.
 For very small units such as appearing in Fig. 2.21(a), the
value is recognized immediately as in pF, with the K an
indicator of a 10% tolerance level.
CAPACITORS
Gambar 2.21
CAPACITORS
Marking Schemes
 Too often the K is read as a multiplier of 10+3 ,
and the capacitance read as 20,000 pF or 20 nF.
 For the unit of Fig. 2.21(b), there was room for a
lowercase “n” to represent a multiplier of 10−9 .
 The presence of the lowercase “n” in
combination with the small size is clear
indication that this is a 200-Nf capacitor.
CAPACITORS
Marking Schemes
 To avoid unnecessary confusion, the letters used for
tolerance do not include N or U or P, so any form of
these letters will usually suggest the multiplier level.
 The J represents a 5% tolerance level.
 For capacitors such as appearing in Fig. 2.21(c), the
first two numbers are actual digits of the value, while
the third number is the power of a multiplier (or
number of zeros to be added).
CAPACITORS
Marking Schemes
 The F represents a 1% tolerance level.
 Multipliers
of 0.01 use an 8, while 9 is used
for 0.1 as shown for the capacitor of Fig.
2.21.(d) where the M represents a 20%
tolerance level.
INDUCTORS
PENDAHULUAN
 We have examined the resistor and the capacitor in
detail.
 In this chapter we shall consider a third element, the
inductor, which has a number of response characteristics
similar in many respects to those of the capacitor.
 In fact, some sections of this chapter will proceed
parallel to those for the capacitor to emphasize the
similarity that exists between the two elements.
INDUCTORS
SELF-INDUCTANCE
 The ability of a coil to oppose any change in current is a
measure of the self-inductance L of the coil. For brevity,
the prefix self is usually dropped. Inductance is
measured in henries (H).
 A henry is defined as the inductance that will produce
an emf of 1 V when the current through the inductance
changes at the rate of 1 A/s.
 Inductors are devices that oppose any change in the
current flowing through them.
INDUCTORS
 Inductors are coils of various dimensions designed to

introduce specified amounts of inductance into a circuit.
 The inductance of a coil varies directly with the
magnetic properties of the coil.
 Ferromagnetic materials, therefore, are frequently
employed to increase the inductance by increasing the
flux linking the coil.
 A close approximation, in terms of physical dimensions,
for the inductance of the coils of Fig. 2.21 can be found
using the following equation :
Eq. 1
INDUCTORS
SELF-INDUCTANCE
Gambar 2.21
INDUCTORS
SELF-INDUCTANCE
where N represents the number of turns; µ, the
permeability of the core; A, the area of the core in
square meters; and l, the mean length of the core in
meters.
 The ratio of the permeability of a material to that of free
space is called its relative permeability; that is,
Eq. 2
INDUCTORS
SELF-INDUCTANCE
 Substituting Eq. 2 into Eq. 1 yields
and
Eq 3.
where Lo is the inductance of the coil with an air core

INDUCTORS
TYPES OF INDUCTORS
 Inductors, like capacitors, are not ideal. Associated with
every inductor are a resistance equal to the resistance
of the turns and a stray capaci-tance due to the
capacitance between the turns of the coil.
 To include these effects, the equivalent circuit for the
inductor is as shown in Fig. 2.22.
 However, for most applications considered in this text,
the stray capacitance appearing in Fig. 2.22 can be
ignored, resulting in the equivalent model of Fig. 2.23.
INDUCTORS
TYPES OF INDUCTORS
Gambar 2.22. Gambar. 2.23.
INDUCTORS
TYPES OF INDUCTORS
Symbols
 The primary function of the inductor, however, is to introduce
inductance - not resistance or capacitance - into the
network.
 For this reason, the symbols employed for inductance are as
shown in Fig. 2.24.
Gambar 2.24
INDUCTORS
TYPES OF INDUCTORS
Appearance
 All inductors, like capacitors, can be listed under two
general headings : fixed and variable.
 The permeability-tuned variable coil has a ferromagnetic
shaft that can be moved within the coil to vary the flux
linkages of the coil and thereby its inductance.
 Several fixed and variable inductors appear in Fig. 2.25.
INDUCTORS
TYPES OF INDUCTORS - Appearance
Gambar 2.25
INDUCTORS

 The standard values for inductors employ the
same numerical multipliers used with resistors
and capacitors.
 Like the capacitor, the most common employ
the same numerical multipliers as the most
common resistors, that is, those with the full
range of tolerances (5%, 10%, and 20%), .
INDUCTORS

 However, inductors are also readily available
with the multipliers associated with the 5% and
10% resistors .
 In general, therefore, expect to find inductors
with the following multipliers: 0.1 mH, 0.12 mH,
0.15 mH, 0.18 mH, 0.22 mH, 0.27 mH, 0.33 mH,
0.39 mH, 0.47 mH, 0.56 mH, 0.68 mH, and 0.82
mH, and then 1 mH, 1.2 mH, 1.5 mH, 1.8 mH, 2.2
mH, 2.7 mH, and so on.
INDUCTORS

 Figure 2.26 was developed to establish a recognition
factor when it comes to the various types and uses for
inductors - in other words, to help the reader develop
the skills to identify types of inductors, their typical range
of values, and some of the most common applications.
 Figure 2.26 is certainly not all-inclusive, but it does offer a
first step in establishing a sense for what to expect for
various applications.
Typical areas of application for
inductive elements
Gambar 2.26
SELESAI
TERIMA KASIH

Komponen - Komponen Elektronik

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KULIAH 2

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TYPES OF RESISTORS - Fixed Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Fixed Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Fixed Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Fixed Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTORS - Variable Resistors

COLOR CODING AND STANDARD RESISTOR VALUES

COLOR CODING AND STANDARD RESISTOR VALUES

COLOR CODING AND STANDARD RESISTOR VALUES

THE OPERATION OF A CAPACITORS

THE OPERATION OF A CAPACITORS

THE OPERATION OF A CAPACITORS

THE OPERATION OF A CAPACITORS

THE OPERATION OF A CAPACITORS

THE OPERATION OF A CAPACITORS

 Ohm’s law also applies to ac circuits, so that the relation

where E is the ac voltage amplitude and I is the AC

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – mica capacitor

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – ceramic

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – ceramic capacitor

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – electrolytic capacitor

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – electrolytic capacitor

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – tantalum capacitor

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors –

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – polyster-film

TYPES OF CAPACITORS - Fixed Capacitors – polyster-film

TYPES OF CAPACITORS – Variable Capacitors

 The capacitance of the trimmer capacitor in Fig. 2.19(b) is changed by

TYPES OF CAPACITORS – Variable Capacitors

Standard Values and Recognition Factor

Standard Values and Recognition Factor

 Inductors are coils of various dimensions designed to

where Lo is the inductance of the coil with an air core

TYPES OF INDUCTORS - Appearance

Standard Values and Recognition Factor

Standard Values and Recognition Factor

Standard Values and Recognition Factor

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