CH20 Pnpns

Chapter 20:
pnpn and Other Devices
Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Digital Electronics Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 1 Part I: pnpn Devices
1. SCR – Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

2. SCS – Silicon-Controlled Switch
3. GTO – Gate Turn-Off Switch
4. LASCR – Light-Activated SCR
5. Shockley Diode
6. Diac
7. Triac

Slide 2 1. SCR – Silicon-Controlled Rectifier
The SCR is a switching device for high voltage and current operations.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 3 SCR Basic Operation
Turning - on
To turn the SCR on:

1. forward bias the anode-cathode
2. apply sufficient gate voltage (Vgate) and Gate current (IGT)
Once the SCR is turned it remains latched on, even if the gate signal is removed. The SCR
like a diode only conducts in one direction.
Forced - on
An SCR can be forced on by
•Excessively high voltage from anode to cathode

• High frequency signal from gate to cathode
• High temperatures

Turning - off
Removing the gate voltage cannot turn off an SCR. It is latched on.
To turn the SCR off:

• Remove the power source from anode to cathode
• Reverse bias the anode-cathode
Both of the above can be accomplished with commutation circuitry.

Commutation
Commutation circuitry is simply a switching device connected in parallel with the SCR.
A control signal activates the switching circuitry and provides a low impedance bypass for
the anode to cathode current. This momentary loss of current through the SCR will turn it
off.
The switching circuitry can also apply a reverse bias voltage across the SCR, which also
will turn the SCR off.
Slide 8 SCRs and Temperature
As temperature increases, the SCR requires less forward voltage

and gate current to fire.
This means that at higher temperatures the SCR may fire by

mistake!!

Slide 9 SCR Terminal Identification
The SCR has three terminal Anode (A), Cathode (K), and the Gate (G).

Slide 12 SCR Applications (cont’d)
• Battery-charging regulator
• Temperature controller circuit
• Emergency-lighting system
In these applications the SCR gate circuit is used to monitor a situation and trigger the
SCR to turn on a portion of the circuit.

Slide 13 2. SCS – Silicon-Controlled Switch
This device is like an SCR except that it has two gates: Cathode gate and an Anode gate.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 14 SCS Basic Operation
Either gate can fire the SCS. A positive pulse or voltage on the Cathode gate or a negative
pulse or voltage on the Anode gate will fire the SCR. The SCS only conducts in one
direction.
The gates can also turn the SCS off. A negative pulse or voltage on the Cathode gate or a
positive pulse or voltage on the Anode gate will fire the SCR.
The difference between the gates: The Anode gate requires higher voltages than the
Cathode gate.

Slide 15 Comparison of SCR and SCS
The SCS has a much lower power capability compared to the SCR.
The SCS has faster switching times than the SCR.
The SCS can be switched off by gate control.

Slide 16 SCS Applications
• Pulse generator
• Voltage sensor
• Alarm circuits

Slide 17 SCS Pin Identification

Slide 18 3. GTO – Gate Turn-Off Switch
GTO is similar to the SCR, except that the gate can turn the GTO on and off. It only
conducts in one direction.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 19 Comparison of GTO and SCR
GTO is a low power device.
The gate signal necessary to fire the GTO is larger than the SCR gate signal.
The gate signal necessary to turn the GTO off is similar to that of SCS.
The switching rate for turning the GTO off is much faster than the SCR.

Slide 20 GTO Applications
• Counters
• Pulse generators
• Oscillators
• Voltage regulators

Slide 21 GTO Pin Identification

Slide 22 4. LASCR – Light-Activated SCR
This is an SCR that is fired by a light beam striking the gate to cathode junction or by
applying a gate voltage.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 24 LASCR Applications
• Optical light controls

• Relays
• Phase control
• Motor control
• Computer applications

Slide 25 5. Shockley Diode
The Shockley diode conducts once the breakover voltage is reached. It only conducts in
one direction.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 26 Shockley Diode Basic Operation
The Shockley diode must be forward biased, and then once the voltage reaches the
breakover level it will conduct. Like an SCR it only conducts in one direction.

Slide 27 Shockley Diode Application
• Trigger switch for an SCR

Slide 28 6. Diac
The Diac is also a breakover type device.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 29 Diac Basic Operation
Once the breakover voltage is reached the Diac conducts. The Diac, though, can conduct in
both directions. The breakover voltage is approximately symmetrical for a positive and a
negative breakover voltage.

Slide 30 Diac Applications
• Trigger circuit for the Triac

• Proximity sensor circuit

Slide 31 7. Triac
The Triac is like a Diac with a gate control.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 32 Triac Basic Operation
When fired by the gate or by exceeding the breakover voltage, the Triac conducts in both
directions.

Slide 33 Triac Pin Identification

Slide 34 Triac Applications
AC power control circuits

Slide 35 Part II: Other Devices
1. UJT – Unijunction Transistor

2. Phototransistors
3. Opto-Isolators
4. PUT – Programmable UJT

Slide 36 1. UJT – Unijunction Transistor
The UJT is also basically a switching device.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 41 UJT Pin Identification

Slide 42 UJT Applications
The UJT is used almost exclusively as a trigger circuit for SCRs.

Slide 44 2. Phototransistor
This transistor is biased on by a light beam, which produces a base current. The greater the
intensity of the light beam, the higher the resulting base and collector currents.
It is sometimes called a photodetector.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 45 Phototransistor Pin Identification

Slide 46 Phototransistor Applications
• Punch-card readers
• Lighting control
• Level indication
• Relays
• Counting system

Slide 47 3. Opto-Isolators
This is a package that can be integrated on an IC that contains both an infrared LED and a
photodetector.
Pinout of an IC opto-isolator IC:

Slide 48 Varieties of Opto-Isolators
Opto-isolator circuits can be diodes, diode-Darlington pair, or diode-SCR:

Slide 49 4. PUT – Programmable UJT
The PUT is more like an SCR in some of its operating characteristics, than a UJT.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 52 Applications of the PUT
The PUT is used as a trigger device for an SCR. Like the UJT, a relaxation oscillator
circuit is used to trigger the PUT, which then fires the SCR.


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Chapter 20:

pnpn and Other Devices

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

1. SCR – Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

To turn the SCR on:

•Excessively high voltage from anode to cathode

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

To turn the SCR off:

Both of the above can be accomplished with commutation circuitry.

As temperature increases, the SCR requires less forward voltage

This means that at higher temperatures the SCR may fire by

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The SCS has faster switching times than the SCR.

The SCS can be switched off by gate control.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

GTO is a low power device.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Optical light controls

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Trigger switch for an SCR

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Trigger circuit for the Triac

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Triac is like a Diac with a gate control.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

AC power control circuits

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

1. UJT – Unijunction Transistor

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pinout of an IC opto-isolator IC:

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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