1.

GROUND LEVEL
2. PLINTH LEVEL
3. SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPER
STRUCTURE
4. DAMP PROOF COURSE
5. LINTEL
6. CILL LEVEL
7. FOOTINGS
8. BASE CONCRETE
9. FFL & SFL
10.CLEAR HEIGHT
LOADS: LIVE LOAD + DEAD LOADS+ WIND
LOAD
LIVE LOAD : MOVABLE OR TEMPORARY EXP
:HUMAN WEIGHT,SNOW ,FURNITURE ,
MACHINES ETC
DEAD LOAD : PERMANENT EXP:LOAD OF
STRUCTURE ITSELF
TRANSFERING ALL LOADS OF STRUCTURE &
SUBSTRUCTURE TO FOUNDATION
……………SOIL …….. ……..OPPOSITE FORCE
BY SOIL …..
WEIGHTS OF COOMON STRUCTURAL AND
STORED MATERIALS(DEAD LOAD):
1.RCC 25 KN PER CUM
2.BRICK MASONARY 19.2 KN PER CUM
3.25 MM THICK TERAZOO FL 600 N/M2
4.CEMENT 14.4 KN/M3
5.DRY SAND 16 KN/M3
 LIVE LOADS:
1. FLOORS OF RESIDENTIAL 2KN/M2
2. OFFICE FLOORS 2.5 KN TO 4 KN /M2
3. FLOORS OF WORKSHOPS 5KN/M2
 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL: THE
MAXIMUM LOAD WHICH THE SOIL CAN
TAKE PER UNIT AREA WITHOUT YIELDING
OR DISPLACEMENT .
The Functional Requirements of foundation in general :

Strength and stability

Resistance to ground moisture

 BUILDING SETTLEMENT REDUCTION IN
VOLUME OF VOIDS
LATERAL
DISPLACEMENT

SOIL BEARING

AVOID UNEVEN
SETTLEMENT
 Foundation Types

FOUDATION MAY BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED UNDER TWO

HEADS:
1. SHALLOW FOUNDATION : D <=W
a) SPREAD FOOTING
b) COMBINED FOOTING
c) STRAP FOOTING
d) MAT FOUNDATION
e) INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATIONS
2. DEEP FOUNDATION
a) PILE FOUNDATION
b) WELL FOUNDATION
c) CAISSON FOUNDATION
 Foundation Types

a)SPREAD FOOTING

 Single footing for column

 Stepped footing for column
 Sloped footing for column
 Wall footing without step
 Stepped footing for wall
 Grillage foundation – bearing capacity of soil is less
depth 1-1.5 M
 Foundation Types

Stepped footing for column  Stepped footing for wall

 Foundation Types Strip foundation

Strip Foundations consist of a continuous strip, made

up of brick masonry/stone masonry/concrete formed
centrally under load bearing walls. The continuous strip
serves as a level base on which the wall is built and is
of such a width as is necessary to spread the load on
the foundations to an area of subsoil capable of
supporting the load without undue compaction.
b)SLOPED/STEPPED &COMBINED FOOTING FOR
COLUMN
 Raft foundation

The Raft foundations consist of a raft of reinforced

concrete under the whole of the building designated to
transmit the load of the building to the subsoil below
the raft. (raft foundations are used normally for
industrial, mercantile buildings and normally designed
by qualified engineers preferably Structural engineers)
Raft foundations are used for buildings on
compressible ground such as very soft clays, alluvial
deposits and compressible fill material where strip
foundations would not provide a stable foundation. A
typical raft foundation comprises of beam column
system along with huge slab below ground.
Raft foundation: TYPES

SOLID SLAB SYSTEM

BEAM SLAB SYSTEM
CELLULAR SYSTEM
GRILLAGE foundation
GRILLAGE foundation
 Pile foundation
Where the subsoil has poor or
uncertain bearing capacity or
where there is likely to be
appreciable ground movement
as with firm, shrinka clay or
where the foundation should be
deeper than stay 2 m, it is often
economical to use piles.
A pile is a column of concrete
either cast in or driven into the
ground to transfer loads through
the poor bearing soil to a more
stable stratum. The piles support
reinforced concrete beams off
which load bearing wall are built.
Pile foundation
 RCC PILE FOUNDATION

Set out the location for bores

Mark the area for pile foundations Wet the bore and dig with reamer
 Apply force over the reamer for Remove the mud from reamer at
digging bore regular intervals

Dig the bore to the required depth Check the depth of the bore
 Place the reinforcement in the
Tie the reinforcement bore

Fill the bore with cement concrete

STEPPED FOUNDATION
INVERTED ARCH foundation
 Costs involved for labour and material as a
percentage of cost of 'civil works'

A further 25 to 30% of the total cost of 'civil

works' is involved in providing the services
pertaining to sanitary, water supply and
electricity.
A house having about100 sqm of construction
area may take about 50 to 60 weeks for
completion
Typical Detail of Masonry Foundation
 Lean concrete mix of 1:8:16 for the base

Mixes normally used vary between 1:3:6 and 1:4:8.

However, this has been found to be a rich mix as
leaner mixes could be used. It has been found
through actual experimental construction that
cement concrete proportion as lean as 1:8:16 could
be provided for base thus reducing the cost of
foundation.
 Brick Masonry footings over lean Cement Concrete

This is the conventional system of foundation forThis is

the conventional system of foundation for load bearing
walls. A- 100-120mm thick layer of 1:4:8 lean concrete
is spread over the excavated area to get an even
surface for construction of the brick footings in 1:6
cement mortar. Spread of the foundations is directly
proportional to the weight of the super structure and
bearing capacity of the soil.
load bearing walls. A- 100-120mm thick layer of 1:4:8
lean concrete is spread over the excavated area to get
an even surface for construction of the brick footings in
1:6 cement mortar. Spread of the foundations is
directly proportional to the weight of the super
structure and bearing.
 Over-burnt brick footings in lime – cement mortar
1:2:12 with lean concrete base (1:8:16)

Normally in typical brick kiln, the bricks which are burnt

excessively are sold at a cheaper rate as they become out
of shape due to high temperatures. These bricks, however,
possess higher strength than the normal burnt clay bricks.
Therefore one of the cheaper alternative for brick
foundation is to use over burnt bricks than normal bricks.
Over burnt bricks have high compressive strength between
120-150 kg/cm2. However they have very poor shape.
Brickwork using these bricks utilizes 40% of more mortar
than traditional brickwork. However this cost is offset by
the price at which over burnt bricks are
 Over-burnt brick footings in lime – cement mortar
1:2:12 with lean concrete base (1:8:16)

Normally in typical brick kiln, the bricks which are burnt

excessively are sold at a cheaper rate as they become out
of shape due to high temperatures. These bricks, however,
possess higher strength than the normal burnt clay bricks.
Therefore one of the cheaper alternative for brick
foundation is to use over burnt bricks than normal bricks.
Over burnt bricks have high compressive strength between
120-150 kg/cm2. However they have very poor shape.
Brickwork using these bricks utilizes 40% of more mortar
than traditional brickwork. However this cost is offset by
the price at which over burnt bricks are
 Brick Masonry footings over lean Cement Concrete

This is the conventional system of foundation forThis is

the conventional system of foundation for load bearing
walls. A- 100-120mm thick layer of 1:4:8 lean concrete
is spread over the excavated area to get an even
surface for construction of the brick footings in 1:6
cement mortar. Spread of the foundations is directly
proportional to the weight of the super structure and
bearing capacity of the soil.
load bearing walls. A- 100-120mm thick layer of 1:4:8
lean concrete is spread over the excavated area to get
an even surface for construction of the brick footings in
1:6 cement mortar. Spread of the foundations is
directly proportional to the weight of the super
structure and bearing.
 BRICK FOUNDATION IN MUD MORTAR

Maximum width required = 2 x width of the wall + 0. 3m

(Assuming 23cm thick brick wall) = 2 x 0.23 + 0.3 m. = 0.76m.

Minimum depth required = Assuming P

Safe permissible pressure on base) = 125 KN/sqm
W (weight of soil) = 18 KN/sqm
Ø Angle of repose of the soil = 30 = 125/18x0.111 = 0.77m.
Assuming bearing capacity of soil = 200 Km/sqm
Width required = 125/200 = 0.625m
Thus provide a foundation width = 76cm and depth 77cm
BRICK FOUNDATION IN MUD MORTAR
 Roofing/Intermediate Floors

A roof/intermediate floors is constructed to support

the dead load of the roof structure and its covering,
insulation and internal finishes, snow loads and
pressure or suction due to wind and live load without
undue deflection or distortion. In engineering
parlance it is roof/floor is termed as slab.
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SLAB
Strength and stability
Resistance to weather and ground moisture
Durability and freedom from maintenance
Fire safety
Resistance to the passage of heat
Resistance to the passage of sound
 Roofing/Intermediate Floors

A roof/intermediate floors is constructed to support

the dead load of the roof structure and its covering,
insulation and internal finishes, snow loads and
pressure or suction due to wind and live load without
undue deflection or distortion. In engineering
parlance it is roof/floor is termed as slab.
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SLAB
Strength and stability
Resistance to weather and ground moisture
Durability and freedom from maintenance
Fire safety
Resistance to the passage of heat
Resistance to the passage of sound
 120 mm thick reinforced concrete slabs

This is the most common and conventional roof or

intermediate slab system known is the RCC slab. As it
is well known, a flat slab is subject to both tensile and
compressive forces. Here the concrete (1:2:4) acts as
a cover for the steel reinforcement and also resists the
compressive forces. As it is poor in tension, the steel
reinforcement at the bottom of the slab resists the
tensile forces.
RCC slabs are cast by first fixing the formwork
(centering and shuttering) for the slabs.
Steel reinforcement, electrical conduits and fan boxes
etc. are placed on the shuttering as per design. After
applying shuttering oil, M15 concrete (1:2:4) is laid on
the shuttering. Compacted by vibration, it is cured for
the required time period. Shuttering is removed after
21 days. Due to increasing costs of steel, cement and
aggregate for the slab and wood for the shuttering, a
search has become imperative for use of other more
cost-effective roofing system over this commonly used
roofing system.
The RCC slab has two basic short-comings (i) a typical
120cm slab weighs 300 kg/m2 . This has to be
designed for a live load of 200 kg/m2 .This means for a
design load of 500 kg/m2 ,self weight is 60%. In other
words the structural efficiency of the RC Slab is only
40%. (ii) the concrete in the tension zone does not
take any stress and thus it is expensive to provide the
same in the tension zone.
Therefore an alternate to RCC slab is filler slab
wherein tension zone concrete is replaced by lighter
alternative, or beam and slab system with reduced
slab thickness or precast roofing components such as
plank and joists, panel and joists, waffle units, core
units etc. These alternatives have been tried and time
tested.
 Isolated foundation

It is sometimes economical to construct a foundation of

isolated piers or columns of brick or concrete
supporting reinforced concrete ground beams in turn
supporting walls, rather than excavating deep trenches
and raising walls off strip foundations, some depth
below ground. The isolated foundations are typical
rectangular or trapezoidal block made up of reinforced
concrete. In some places where burnt clay brick
quality is good, these are made with burned bricks
also.
The foundations of buildings bear on and transmit loads
to the ground. The foundation is that part of walls, piers
and columns which is in direct contact with and transmit
loads to the ground.
The foundations of varying types depending upon load
requirement, ground conditions and prevailing
practices in the region. A strip foundation is a
continuous strip of concrete under walls, an isolated
footing is a concrete isolated base under piers and
columns, a raft foundation is a continuous base under
the whole of the building and a pile is a concrete
column or pillar cast in or driven into the ground to
support a concrete base or ground beam.