CELL THEORY

CELL
• Basic building blocks of any living organisms.
• Cell is the structural and functional unit of life.

CELL THEORY
• All living things are made of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
• Living cells come only from other living cells.
THE CELL THEORY
 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
 All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit life and all
tissues and organs are composed of cells. They are so many small that they must
be viewed with a microscope. There are different types of cell. Cells can either be
eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotes. Pant cells are generally a
square shape while animal cells are usually circular. Prokaryotes do not have a
nucleus, and lack membrane bound organelles. They are the oldest cells on
earth. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Prokaryotes often move using special structures
such as flagella or cilia. The cell membrane is the protective barrier that
surrounds the cell and prevents unwanted material from getting into it. The cell
membrane has many functions , but one main function that it has is to transport
materials (salts, electrolytes, glucose, and other necessary molecules) into the
cell to support necessary life functions.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other
internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore, they do not have a
nucleus, but instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece of
circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called
the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a cell wall outside the plasma
membrane.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
EUKARYOTIC CELL
• Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and
are enclosed by a plasma membrane. Organisms that have
eukaryotic cells include protozoa, fungi, plants and animals. These
organisms are grouped into the biological domain Eukaryota.
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex that prokaryotic cells,
which are found in Archaea and Bacteria, the other two domains of
life.
CELL TYPES
CELL TYPES
• Cells in the human body number in the trillions and come in all
shapes and sizes. These tiny structures are the basic unit of living
organisms. Cells comprise tissues, tissues make up organs, organs
form organ systems, and organ systems work together to create an
organism and keep it alive. Each type of cell in the human body is
specially eqquiped for its role. Cells of the body depend on each
other to keep the body functioning as a unit. There are hundreds of
types of cells, but the following are the 11 most common.
STEM CELLS
• Stem cells are unique in that they originate as unspecialized cells
and have the ability to develop into specialized cells that can be
used to build specific organs or tissues. Stem cells can divide and
replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue.
BONE CELLS
• Bones are a type of mineralized connective tissues that comprise a
major component of the skeletal system. Bones are made up of
matrix of collagen and calcium phosphate minerals. There are three
primary types of bone cells in the body: osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and
osteocytes.
BLOOD CELLS
• From transporting oxygen throughout the body to fighting infection, blood
cells activity is vital to life. Blood cells are produce by bone marrow. The
three major types of cells in the blood are red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets.
MUSCLE CELLS
• Muscle cells form muscle tissue, which enables all bodily movement. The
three types of muscle cells are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal
muscle tissue attaches to bones to facilitates voluntary movement.
FAT CELLS
• Fat cells, also called adipocytes, are a major cell component of adipose
tissue. Adipocytes contain droplets of stored fat (triglycerides) that can be
used for energy.
SKIN CELLS
• The skin is composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is
supported by a layer of connective tissue (dermis) and an underlying
subcutaneous layer. The outermost layer of the skin is composed of flat,
squamous epithelial cells that are closely packed together.
NERVE CELLS
• Nerve cells or neurons are the most basic unit of the nervous systems.
Nerves send signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other body organs
via nerve impulses. Structurally, a neuron consists of a cell body and nerve
processes.
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
• Endothelial cells from the inner lining of the cardiovascular system and
lymphatic systems structures. They make up the inner layer of blood vessels,
lymphatic cellvessels, and organs including the brain, lungs, and heart.
SEX CELLS
• Sex cells or gametes are reproductive cells created in male and female
gonads that bring new life into existence. Male sex cells or sperm are motile
and have long, tail-like projections called flagella. Female sex cells or ova are
non-motile and relatively large in comparison to male gametes.
PANCREATIC CELLS
• The pancreas functions as both an exocrine and endocrine organ, meaning
that is discharges hormones both through ducts and directly into other organs.
CANCER CELLS
• Cancer cells are allowed to spread rapidly because they develop decreased
sensitivity to anti-growth signals and proliferate quickly in the absence of stop
commands. They also lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell
death, making them even more formidable.
CELL CYCLE: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
THE CELL DIVISON CYCLE
• Cells reproduce genetically identical copies of themselves by cycles of cell
growth and division. The cell cycle diagram on the left shows that a cell
division cycle consists of 4 stages:
• G1 is the period after cell division, and before the start of DNA replication.
Cells grow and monitor their environment to determine whether they should
initiate another round of cell division.
• S is the period of DNA synthesis, where cells replicate their chromosomes.
• G2 is the period between the end of DNA replication and the start of cell
division. Cells check to make sure DNA replication has successfully completed,
and make any necessary repairs.
• M is the actual period of cell division, consisting of prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE

• There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids ), and each
is an important component of the cell and performs a wide
array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the
majority of a cell’s mass. Biological macromolecules are
organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they
may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur,
and additional minor elements.
THE FOUR MAJOR CLASSES OF BILOGICAL MOLECULE
• CARBOHYDRATES are important macromolecules that consists of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. They are organic compounds organized in the form of
aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups coming off the carbon
chain. Carbohydrates are most abundant organic compounds in living
organisms.
• LIPIDS are composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to long hydrocarbon
chain(s) ( can be single or multiple ) and, depending on the lipid, to other
molecules-such as a phosphate group (phospholipids ). Fats consists of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
• PROTEIN is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acids-
chain molecule. Proteins are polymers.
• NUCLEIC ACID refers to the structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.
Chemically speaking, DNA and RNA are very similar. Nucleic acid structure is
often divided into four different levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary.