Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Systems

EE421, Fall 1998

Michigan Technological University
Timothy J. Schulz

 Digital processing of analog signals (mixed signal applications)

forms one of the most important applications of DSP theory.

A/D ...101011... …001010... D/A

DSP
analog converter digital system digital converter analog
input input output output

antialiasing sampling discrete reconstruction

prefilter and to filter
quantization continuous

08-Sept, 98 EE421, Lecture 1 1

Spectral Representation of Continuous-Time Signals
EE421, Fall 1998
Michigan Technological University
Timothy J. Schulz

 Fourier Analysis:
 
 jWt  j 2pft
X (W)   x (t )e dt or X ( f )   x ( t ) e dt
 

– f represents frequency in units of cycles/second or Hz and W represents

frequency in units of radians/second.
– If x(t) is a voltage signal, then X(W) and X(f) have units of volts/Hz.
– The conversion between frequency variables is W = 2p f.

 Fourier Synthesis:
 
dW
x (t )   X (W)e jWt or x (t )   X ( f )e
j 2pft
df

2p 

08-Sept, 98 EE421, Lecture 1 2

Some Important Fourier Pairs
EE421, Fall 1998
Michigan Technological University
Timothy J. Schulz

 Constant (DC) signal: (this signal contains only DC or zero frequency)

A  A ( f )
 Impulse: (this signal contains all frequencies)
 (t )  1
 Complex exponential (sinusoid): (this signal contains only one frequency
component - in fact, this signal is used to define frequency!)
e j 2pf0t   ( f  f0 )
 Real sinusoid: (this signal contains two frequency components, +/- f0)
1 1
cos( 2pf0 t   )  e j  ( f  f0 )  e  j  ( f  f0 )
2 2
These pairs are for frequency measured in Hz. Remember the
following rule for changing variables with impulses:
 ( f ) f  W  2p (W)
2p
08-Sept, 98 EE421, Lecture 1 3
Signals are “Sums of Sinusoids”
EE421, Fall 1998
Michigan Technological University
Timothy J. Schulz

The amplitude and phase of each

sinusoid forms the spectrum of the signal!

 Periodic signals contain only discrete frequency components that

are multiples of the fundamental frequency.
 Non-periodic signals contain a continuous set of frequency
components.

08-Sept, 98 EE421, Lecture 1 4

Linear, Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems
EE421, Fall 1998
Michigan Technological University
Timothy J. Schulz

 Impulse response:
h (t )
 (t )

0 t 0 t

 Convolution:

x (t ) y (t )   h(t   ) x( )d


 Frequency Response:

cos(2pft   ) H ( f ) cos2pft    H ( f ) )

h (t )  H ( f )
08-Sept, 98 EE421, Lecture 1 5
Filtering
EE421, Fall 1998
Michigan Technological University
Timothy J. Schulz

X( f ) Y ( f )  H( f )X ( f )

 H(f) modifies the amplitude of the input signal’s spectrum

according to :

Y( f )  H( f ) X ( f )

 H(f) modifies the phase of the input signal’s spectrum according to:

Y ( f )  X ( f )  H ( f )

08-Sept, 98 EE421, Lecture 1 6

Review of Sampling
EE421, Fall 1998
Michigan Technological University
Timothy J. Schulz

 A bandlimited signal is one whose frequency spectrum contains no

components greater than some maximum frequency fmax.
X(f) X(f)

-fmax 0 fmax f 0 f

 The sampling theorem states that bandlimited signals can be

reconstructed perfectly from their samples provided the sampling
rate fs (in samples/second) satisfies:

f s  2 f max
2 fmax is called the Nyquist rate.

08-Sept, 98 EE421, Lecture 1 7

Aliasing
EE421, Fall 1998
Michigan Technological University
Timothy J. Schulz

 Sampling at a rate slower than the Nyquist rate will result in

aliasing. That is, frequency components greater than fs / 2 will be
folded back into the Nyquist interval. This is generally a bad thing.

-fs 0 fs f (Hz)

Don’t let this happen to you!

-fs 0 fs f (Hz)

08-Sept, 98 EE421, Lecture 1 8