has/have/had + pp - used alone

has/have/had + been + pp - It describes a noun or

pronoun.

be verb + (ing) - used alone -used alone

- It expresses an action -It describes a noun or - It functions like a

done by a doer. pronoun real noun.
Where are the gerund phrases?
1. We enjoyed watching the game of the generals.
2. Please sign in the guest book before leaving the lodge.
3. Jane’s mistake was reading the directions carelessly.
4. Planning a trip to USA is the most tiresome part of it.
5. Getting acquainted of the different procedures makes me
feel discouraged.

Fragment:
Hiding something to your parents.
finding someone to love.
Participle

Gerund

?
Infinitive
EXAMPLES:

to walk
to cling
to pack
to cock
to risk
to kiss
The infinitive has other forms.

active present: to keep

active perfect: to have kept
passive present: to be kept
passive perfect: to have been kept
Where are the infinitives?

1. The person to ask is the dean of the college.

adjectives
2. She has found something to buy. When the infinitive functions as
an adjective, it always appears
after the noun or pronoun it
describes.
3. To see is to believe.
subject subjective complement
4. Celine planned to lie.
direct object
nouns
5. Her plan, to cheat, is risky.
appositive When the infinitive functions as a
noun, it can be the subject, the
6. Her dream is to fly.
subjective complement, direct
subjective complement
object, the appositive, or the object
7. Geneveve was about to die. of the preposition.
object of the preposition

7. My friend came to visit.

adverbs
When the infinitive functions as an
adverb, it answers the question
8. To win, the team captain planned well. “Why?”
Directions: Identify and copy the infinitive in each
sentence and write its function opposite it.

1. To survive was now their only hope.

2. Mother Teresa is the person to imitate.
3. Juan always wants to win.
4. They rallied to present their grievances.
5. To be executed marks a new life.
6. Her dream, to have been nominated, was a fair
chance.
7. Magdalena is the only woman to have survived.
8. His fear, to have been shot, did not happen.
9. To protect the nation, the police should work harder.
10. My only wish is to graduate.
An infinitive can become an infinitive phrase.

1. The person to ask is the dean of the college.

The person to ask about the school rules is the dean of the college.
2. She has found something to buy.
She has found something to buy at the grocery store.

3. To see is to believe.
To see an evidence is to believe that a crime happened.
4. Celine planned to lie.
Celine planned to lie when she is asked about the crime.
5. Her plan, to cheat, is risky.
Her plan, to cheat during the examination, is risky.
6. Her dream is to fly.
Her dream is to fly from Asia to Europe.
7. Geneveve is about to die.
Geneveve is about to die at the hospital.

7. My friend came to visit.

My friend came to visit my sister who is sick.
8. To win, the team captain planned well.
To win the game, the team captain planned well.
Directions: Identify and copy the infinitive phrase in each
sentence and write its function opposite it.

1. I didn’t want to deliver the goods in the town.

2. I can’t believe that she was the one to deceive me.
3. I always wanted to get a high grade.
4. She stepped down to prove her innocence.
5. To decide what we should eat is difficult.
6. Her greatest fear, to sleep alone at night, is not
convincing.
7. We should conquer our fear to try what we like.
8. She doesn’t know how to say sorry.
9. To keep his promise, Ben did not talk.
10. My dream is to have a car someday.