Professional Documents
Culture Documents
14 - Mendel Text
14 - Mendel Text
Figure 14.1
TECHNIQUE Parental
generation
(P)
Stamens
Carpel (male)
3 Pollinated carpel (female)
matured into pod
4 Planted seeds
from pod
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS When pollen from a white flower fertilizes 5 Examined
eggs of a purple flower, the first-generation hybrids all have purple offspring:
flowers. The result is the same for the reciprocal cross, the transfer First
all purple
of pollen from purple flowers to white flowers. generation
flowers
offspring
(F1)
Figure 14.2
F1 Generation
(hybrids)
Figure 14.3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Mendel reasoned that
– In the F1 plants, only the purple flower factor
was affecting flower color in these hybrids
– Purple flower color was dominant, and white
flower color was recessive
Table 14.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mendel’s Model
• Mendel developed a hypothesis
– To explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern that he
observed among the F2 offspring
Homologous
Locus for flower-color gene pair of
chromosomes
F1 sperm
This box, a Punnett square, shows
all possible combinations of alleles P p
in offspring that result from an
F1 F1 (Pp Pp) cross. Each square F2 Generation
represents an equally probable product P
of fertilization. For example, the bottom PP Pp
left box shows the genetic combination F1 eggs
resulting from a p egg fertilized by
a P sperm. p
Pp pp
Random combination of the gametes
results in the 3:1 ratio that Mendel
observed in the F2 generation. 3 :1
Figure 14.5
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Useful Genetic Vocabulary
• An organism that is homozygous for a
particular gene
– Has a pair of identical alleles for that gene
– Exhibits true-breeding
• An organism’s genotype
– Is its genetic makeup
Purple PP
1
(homozygous)
Pp
3 Purple (heterozygous)
Pp
(heterozygous)
Purple
pp
1 White 1
(homozygous)
p p p p
RESULTS
P P
Pp Pp Pp Pp
P p
Pp Pp pp pp
Figure 14.7
Segregation of Segregation of
alleles into eggs alleles into sperm
Sperm
1⁄ R 1⁄ r
2 2
R R
1⁄ R R r
2
1⁄ 1⁄
4 4
Eggs
r r
1⁄ r R r
2
1⁄ 1⁄
4 4
Figure 14.9
Gametes CR CW
Pink
F1 Generation CRCW
1⁄ 1⁄
2 2
Gametes CR CR
1⁄ CR 1⁄2 CR Sperm
Eggs 2
F2 Generation
1⁄
2 CR
CR CR CR CW
1⁄
2 Cw
CR CW CW CW
Figure 14.10
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The Relation Between Dominance and
Phenotype
• Dominant and recessive alleles
– Do not really “interact”
– Lead to synthesis of different proteins that
produce a phenotype
Table 14.2
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pleiotropy
• In pleiotropy
– A gene has multiple phenotypic effects
• Some traits
– May be determined by two or more genes
Sperm
1⁄ 1⁄ bC 1⁄ Bc 1⁄
4 BC 4 4 4 bc
Eggs
1⁄
4 BC BBCC BbCC BBCc BbCc
1⁄
4 bC BbCC bbCC BbCc bbCc
1⁄
bc BbCc bbCc Bbcc bbcc
4
9⁄ 3⁄ 4⁄
16 16 16
Figure 14.11
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Polygenic Inheritance
• Many human characters
– Vary in the population along a continuum and
are called quantitative characters
20⁄
64
15⁄
64
6⁄
64
1⁄
64
Figure 14.12
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nature and Nurture: The Environmental Impact
on Phenotype
Figure 14.13
• An organism’s phenotype
– Includes its physical appearance, internal
anatomy, physiology, and behavior
– Reflects its overall genotype and unique
environmental history
Second generation
(parents plus aunts
Ww ww ww Ww Ww ww FF or Ff Ff ff Ff Ff ff
and uncles)
Third
WW ww generation ff FF
or (two sisters) or
Ww Ff
(a) Dominant trait (widow’s peak) (b) Recessive trait (attached earlobe)
Figure 14.14 A, B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Pedigrees
– Can also be used to make predictions about
future offspring
• Carriers
– Are heterozygous individuals who carry the
recessive allele but are phenotypically normal
• Symptoms include
– Physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and
even paralysis
Figure 14.15
Figure 14.16
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Multifactorial Disorders
• Many human diseases
– Have both genetic and environment
components
• Examples include
– Heart disease and cancer
Fetus
Suction tube
Centrifugation
Inserted through
cervix
Placenta Chorionic viIIi
Fluid
Fetal
Fetal
cells
cells
Karyotyping
Figure 14.17 A, B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Newborn Screening
• Some genetic disorders can be detected at
birth
– By simple tests that are now routinely
performed in most hospitals in the United
States