Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Drawing from the Deck of Genes
Parental
generation
(P) Stamens
Carpel
3
RESULTS
First 5
filial
gener-
ation
offsprin
g
(F1)
Fig. 14-2a
TECHNIQUE
1
Parental
generation
(P) Stamens
Carpel
3
4
Fig. 14-2b
RESULTS
First 5
filial
gener-
ation
offspring
(F1)
• Mendel chose to track only those characters
that varied in an either-or manner
• He also used varieties that were true-breeding
(plants that produce offspring of the same
variety when they self-pollinate)
P Generation ×
(true-breeding
parents) Purple White
flowers flowers
Fig. 14-3-2
EXPERIMENT
P Generation ×
(true-breeding
parents) Purple White
flowers flowers
F1 Generation
(hybrids)
All plants had
purple flowers
Fig. 14-3-3
EXPERIMENT
P Generation ×
(true-breeding
parents) Purple White
flowers flowers
F1 Generation
(hybrids)
All plants had
purple flowers
F2 Generation
Homologous
Locus for flower-color gene pair of
chromosomes
P Generation
P Generation
F1
Generation
P Generation
F1
Generation
Sperm
F2 P p
Generation
P
PP Pp
Eggs
p
Pp p
p
3 1
Useful Genetic Vocabulary
Purple PP
1
(homozygous
)
3 Purple Pp
(heterozygou
s)
2
Purple Pp
(heterozygou
s)
White pp
1 1
(homozygous
)
If PP If Pp
or
Sper Sper
pm p pm p
P P
Pp Pp Pp Pp
Egg Egg
s s
P p
Pp Pp pp pp
RESULTS
or
1
All offspring purple /2 offspring purple and
1
/2 offspring white
Fig. 14-7a
TECHNIQUE
If PP If Pp
or
Sper Sper
pm p pm p
P P
Pp Pp Pp Pp
Egg Egg
s P s
p
Pp Pp pp pp
Fig. 14-7b
RESULTS
or
All offspring purple 1
/2 offspring purple and
1
/2 offspring white
The Law of Independent Assortment
Gametes YR × yr
F1 Generation
YyRr
Hypothesis Hypothesis of
of independent
Predictions
dependent assortment
assortment
or Sper
Predicted 1 1
/4 m 1/ yR 1
/4 yr
/4 YR Y 4
offspring of Sperm r
F2 generation 1
/2 YR 1/2 yr
1
/4 YR
YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr
1
/2 YR
YYRR YyRr 1
/4 Y
Egg YYRr YYrr Yyrr
r YyRr
s 1
/2 yr Egg
YyRr yyrr s 1
/4 yR
YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr
3 1
/4 /4
1
/4 yr
Phenotypic ratio 3:1 YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr
9 3 3 1
/16 /16 /16 /16
EXPERIMENT
P YYR yyr
R r
Generation
Gamete YR × y
s r
F1 Generation
YyR
r
Hypothesis of Hypothesis
dependent of
Predictio
ns assortment independent
assortment
o Sperm
Predicted 1 1 1
r /4 YR 1
/4 Yr /4 yR /4 yr
offspring of Sper
F2 generation 1
/2 YRm 1/2 y
1
r /4 YR
YYR YYRr YyRR YyRr
1
/2 YR R
YYR YyRr 1
/4 Yr
Egg R YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr
s 1
/2 y
Egg
r YyRr yyrr s 1
/4 yR
YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr
3 1
/4 /4
1
/4 y
Phenotypic ratio r YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr
3:1
9 3 3 1
/16 /16 /16 /16
RESULTS
315 108 101 32 Phenotypic ratio approximately
9:3:3:1
• Using a dihybrid cross, Mendel developed the
law of independent assortment
• The law of independent assortment states that
each pair of alleles segregates independently
of each other pair of alleles during gamete
formation
• Strictly speaking, this law applies only to genes
on different, nonhomologous chromosomes
• Genes located near each other on the same
chromosome tend to be inherited together
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept 14.2: The laws of probability govern
Mendelian inheritance
• Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent
assortment reflect the rules of probability
• When tossing a coin, the outcome of one toss
has no impact on the outcome of the next toss
• In the same way, the alleles of one gene
segregate into gametes independently of
another gene’s alleles
Sperm
1 1
/2 R /2 r
R R
1
/2 R R r
1 1
/4 /4
Eggs
r r
1
/2 r R r
1 1
/4 /4
• The rule of addition states that the probability
that any one of two or more exclusive events
will occur is calculated by adding together their
individual probabilities
• The rule of addition can be used to figure out
the probability that an F2 plant from a
monohybrid cross will be heterozygous rather
than homozygous
P Generation
Red White
CRCR CWCW
Gametes CR CW
Fig. 14-10-2
P Generation
Red White
CRCR CWCW
Gametes CR CW
Pink
F1 CRCW
Generation
1 1
Gametes /2 CR /2 CW
Fig. 14-10-3
P Generation
Red White
CRCR CWCW
Gametes CR CW
Pink
F1 CRCW
Generation
1 1
Gametes /2 CR /2 CW
Sper
1
m
/2 CR 1/2 CW
F2
Generation 1
/2 CR
CRCR CRCW
Eggs
1
/2 CW
CRCW CWCW
The Relation Between Dominance and
Phenotype
IAIA or IA i A
IBIB or IB i B
IAIB A
B
ii O
(b) Blood group genotypes and phenotypes
Pleiotropy
×
BbCc BbCc
Sper
1 1 1 1
m/ BC /4 bC /4 Bc /4 bc
Eggs 4
1
/4 BC
BBC BbCC BBCc BbCc
C
1
/4 bC
BbCC bbCC BbCc bbCc
1
/4 Bc
BBCc BbCc BBcc Bbcc
1
/4 bc
BbCc bbCc Bbcc bbcc
9 : 3 : 4
Polygenic Inheritance
AaBbCc AaBbCc
Sperm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
/8 /8 /8 /8 /8 /8 /8 /8
1
/8
1
/8
1
/8
1
/8
Eggs 1
/8
1
/8
1
/8
1
/8
Phenotypes: 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
/64 /64 /64 /64 /64 /64 /64
Number of
dark-skin alleles: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Nature and Nurture: The Environmental Impact
on Phenotype
• Another departure from Mendelian genetics
arises when the phenotype for a character
depends on environment as well as genotype
• The norm of reaction is the phenotypic range
of a genotype influenced by the environment
• For example, hydrangea flowers of the same
genotype range from blue-violet to pink,
depending on soil acidity
1st generation
(grandparents) Ww ww ww Ww
2nd generation
(parents,
aunts, Ww ww ww Ww Ww ww
and uncles)
3rd generation
(two sisters)
WW ww
or
Ww
1st generation
(grandparents) Ff Ff ff Ff
2nd generation
(parents,
aunts, F or Ff ff ff Ff Ff ff
and uncles) F
3rd generation
(two sisters)
ff F
For
Ff
Key
Male Affecte Mating
d
male Offspring, in
Female Affecte birth order
d (first-born on
female left)
Fig. 14-15b
1st generation
(grandparents) Ww ww ww Ww
2nd generation
(parents, aunts,
and uncles) Ww ww ww Ww Ww ww
3rd generation
(two sisters)
WW ww
or
Ww
1st generation
(grandparents) Ff Ff ff Ff
2nd generation
(parents, aunts,
and uncles) F or Ff ff ff Ff Ff ff
F
3rd generation
(two sisters)
ff F
For
Ff
Parents
Normal Normal
Aa × Aa
Sperm
A a
Eggs
Aa
AA
A Normal
Normal (carrier)
Aa
Normal aa
a Albin
(carrier)
o
• If a recessive allele that causes a disease is
rare, then the chance of two carriers meeting
and mating is low
• Consanguineous matings (i.e., matings
between close relatives) increase the chance
of mating between two carriers of the same
rare allele
• Most societies and cultures have laws or
taboos against marriages between close
relatives
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Cystic Fibrosis
Parents
Dwarf Normal
Dd × dd
Sperm
D d
Egg
s Dd dd
d
Dwarf Normal
Dd dd
d Normal
Dwarf
Huntington’s Disease
Amniotic fluid
withdrawn
Fetus Centrifugation
Fetus
Suction tube
inserted
Placent through
Placenta Chorionic
a
Uteru Cervix villi cervix
s
Fluid
Bio-
Fetal Several chemical
cells hours tests Fetal
Several cells
hours
Several
weeks
Several Several
weeks Karyotyping hours
Placent
a
Uteru Cervi
s x
Flui
d Bio-
Feta Several chemica
l hours l
cells tests
Severa
l
weeks
Several
weeks Karyotyping
(a) Amniocentesis
Fig. 14-18b
Fetus
Suction tube
inserted
Placenta Chorionic through
villi cervix
Bio-
chemica
l Fetal
tests Severa
cells
l
hours
Severa
Karyotyping l
hours
(b) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Newborn Screening
9 :3 :4
Polygenic A single
inheritance phenotypic AaBbCc AaBbCc
character is
affected by
two or more genes
Fig. 14-UN4
Fig. 14-UN5
George Arlene
Carl
a
Daniel Alan Tina
Christopher
Fig. 14-UN6
Fig. 14-UN7
Fig. 14-UN8
Fig. 14-UN9
Fig. 14-UN10
Fig. 14-UN11
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