NATURE OF

INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH
INQUIRY- defined as “a seeking for truth,
information or knowledge. The information is
sought through questioning.
The exploratory nature of inquiry allows
individuals particularly students to grapple
with different ways of looking at ideas and
issues and to think creatively about problems
that do not possess simple answer.
3
4
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
THE WORD RESEARCH IS DERIVED FROM THE
OLD FRENCH WORD CERCHIER, WHICH MEANS
TO “SEEK OR SEARCH.” “SEARCH” MEANING
TO INVESTIGATE. THE PREFIX “RE” MEANS
“AGAIN” AND SIGNIFIES OF THE SEARCH.
LITERALLY, RESEARCH MEANS TO
“INVESTIGATE AGAIN”.
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Is defined as careful, systematic study in the
field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or
establish facts or principles (Webster, 1984).
Defined as a scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes collection,
analysis and interpretation of facts
(Calmorin, 2004).
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is the systematic investigation and study of
materials and sources to establish facts and reach
new conclusions (Walker, 2010).
Collection of data in a rigorously controlled
situation for the purpose of prediction or
explanation; a more formal, systematic and
intensive process of carrying on a scientific method
of analysis.
Thomas Edison was probably the greatest
inventor in American History, When he
attended school, His teachers complained that
he was “too slow” and hard to handle.
At the age of 10 he had already set up first
chemistry laboratory, Edison’s inexhaustible
energy and genius (1 percent
inspiration and 99 percent
perspiration)
When Tomas Edison invented the
light bulb, he tried 2,000
experiments before he got it to
work. A young reporter asked him
how it felt to have invented the light
bulb. It just happened to be a 2,000
step process.
Synthesis:
• Research is an action (verb)
• It is both physical and mental activity
• Everybody commits mistakes, failed but its
ok.
• Be a novice (neophyte) first, then
eventually become an expert
(professional)
 Man’s Major Problems Demand Research
The following are examples of man’s problems for which products of
research are born:
1. In Metro Manila, employees, teachers, students, businessmen and
many others find difficulty in commuting everyday due to the heavy
traffic, ____________________?__________________________
Hence, the LRT (Light Rail Transit) is constructed to ease the
problem.
2. Three decades ago businessmen, engineers, and accountants found
difficulty in computing _________________?________________
So calculators were invented to solve the problem.
3. In the early 20th century, rural folks found difficulty in seeing events in
far distance. ______________?_______________
Hence, televisions, movies were invented to solve the problem thereby
enabling man to see and hear events that happen at great distance.
4. A century or two ago, our great grandparents found difficulty in going
to far places because they just used bamboo rafts and it took them
several months to reach their destination, i.e. from Mindanao to Manila.
_______________?______________
Now, Manila can be reached in just an hour or two due to the invention
of the airplane. Likewise, ships, buses, jeepneys, automobiles, are also
products of research which have enabled man to reach far places in
short periods of time.
5. A century ago, Filipinos found difficulty in communicating with their
relatives and friends here and abroad. __________?_________
The problem has been greatly reduced by new communication facilities
such as the telephone, fax machines, cellphones, computers and many
others which make possible even instant communication over long
distance.
6. More than a century ago, rural folks merely used coconut oil lamp to
lighten their houses, _________________?_________________
until electricity was discovered and used to provide light and other
conveniences.
 RESEARCH

New New
Technology knowledge

New tools
New skills
/devices

Better condition/welfare
practice

Improved quality of life

Significance of Research
1. To gather necessary information
2. To improve standard of living
3. To have a safer life
4. To know the truth
5. To explore our history
Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Based on observations and
experimentation of theories.
2.Systematic. Follows orderly and sequential
procedures.
3. Employs hypothesis. The hypothesis guides the
investigation process.
4. Analytical. There is no error in the researcher’s
interpretations.
Characteristics of Research
5. Objective. All findings are logically based on
empirical data (unbiased and logical).
6. Original work. Researcher’s own investigation.
Six Blind Men and the Elephant
It was six men of Indostan,
To learning much inclined,
Who went to see the Elephant
(Though all of them were blind),
That each by observation
Might satisfy his mind.
The First approach'd the Elephant,
And happening to fall
Against his broad and sturdy side,
At once began to bawl:
"God bless me! but the Elephant
Is very like a wall!"
The Second, feeling of the tusk,
Cried, -"Ho! what have we here
So very round and smooth and sharp?
To me 'tis mighty clear,
This wonder of an Elephant
Is very like a spear!"
The Third approach'd the animal,
And happening to take
The squirming trunk within his hands,
Thus boldly up and spake:
"I see," -quoth he- "the Elephant
Is very like a snake!"
The Fourth reached out an eager hand,
And felt about the knee:
"What most this wondrous beast is like
Is mighty plain," -quoth he,-
"'Tis clear enough the Elephant
Is very like a tree!"
The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear,
Said- "E'en the blindest man
Can tell what this resembles most;
Deny the fact who can,
This marvel of an Elephant
Is very like a fan!"
The Sixth no sooner had begun
About the beast to grope,
Then, seizing on the swinging tail
That fell within his scope,
"I see," -quoth he,- "the Elephant
Is very like a rope!"
And so these men of Indostan
Disputed loud and long,
Each in his own opinion
Exceeding stiff and strong,
Though each was partly in the right,
And all were in the wrong!
Implications to Educational Research:
• A Picture of Relativism and Tolerance
• In turn, each individual creates his/her own version of
reality from experience and perspective.
• Therefore, research provides a solid foundation for the
discovery and creation of knowledge.
• Warning: Limited touch of truth turn into overreaching
misinterpretations and misjudgments.
• Synthesis: Open our eyes wider and seek every
opportunity to discover/experience the totality.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research

1. Concern for context and meaning

• Human experience
2. Naturally occurring settings
• Behavior as it happens naturally in a school,
classroom, community or organization
3. Humans as Instruments
• Only human being can do the field work
methods
Characteristics of Qualitative Research

4. Descriptive Data
• Data used are in the form of words or pictures
or other visuals rather than numbers and
statistics.
5. Emergent Design
• The design cannot be finalized at the onset.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Ethics and Research
ETHICS- Norms of conduct that distinguish
between acceptable and unacceptable
behavior.

Research Ethics:
1. A research project needs to be designed to
create valid outcomes if it is believed to be
pursuing truth.
Research Ethics:
2. Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do not
deliberately mislead participants as to the nature of the
research.
3. Researchers have a duty to avoid causing both physical
and psychological difficulties to participants.
4. Researchers are ethically bound to maintain the
privacy of participants and confidentiality for any
information they give and anonymity for their identity.
Research Ethics:
5. Society trusts that the results of research
reflect an honest attempt to describe the world
accurately and without bias.

Synthesis: It is the researcher’s ethical

responsibility not to harm the human
participants.
Some Ethical Principles
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for Intellectual Property
Some Ethical Principles
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible publication
9. Respect for colleagues
10. Social Responsibility
11. Non-discrimination
12. Competence
13.
on Legality
•Ethical Challenge: Conflict of interest between
the researcher and the what is being researched
Ethical Issues:
1. The researcher may uncover or get hold of
practices that may not be acceptable.
2. The issues of anonymity and confidentiality.
3. The researcher is expected to give back to the
participants of the research and to show
appreciation for their commitment of time,
effort and cooperation.
4. The researcher writes a letter and seeks to be
allowed to conduct a study.
Be critical and ethical!
 GUIDING PRINCIPLES
In the conduct of research
EXCELLENCE
• Relevant and researchable
• Appropriate research methods
• Logical, coherent, and evidence-based findings

INTEGRITY
• High ethical standards
• Honest and accurate in the collection, analysis, and
reporting of data

OPENNESS
• Collaborative research work
• Multi-disciplinary perspectives
• Truthful and timely dissemination of research results
KNOWING THE RESEARCH PROCESS

41
 The Research Process
1
• CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE

2
• DESIGN PHASE

3
• EMPIRICAL PHASE

4
• ANALYTICAL PHASE

5
• DISSEMINATION PHASE
42
 The Research Process
Conceptualization Phase
1.Topic/Problem Identification
2.Review of Literature
3.Hypotheses/Proposition Development
4.Framework Development
5.Objective Formulation

Dissemination Phase Design Phase

10. Communicating and Utilizing the Findings 6.Research Plan Formulation

Analytical Phase
Empirical Phase
8.Data Analysis & Interpretation
7.Data Gathering/Collection
9.Conclusion

43
Define the Research
Review the Literature Formulate Hypothesis
Problem

Interpret Analyze Collect

and Report Data Data

The Research Process

THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH
1. KNOWLEDGE
2. TIME
3. AFFORDABILITY
4. ACCESSIBILITY
5. APPLICABILITY
6. NOVELTY
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE:
Use quantifiable claims for developing
knowledge
based on numbers and mathematical
calculations/statistical data
uses surveys, experiments, comparison....etc.
Using SAMPLE to generalize the
POPULATION
Objective
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE:
Resolving the problem by numerical data
Large group of respondents
Uses verbs as their title
Example - cause and effect,
effectiveness,Performance, Comparison,
Correlation.
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
Knowledge claims based primarily on
constructivist perspective
based on written and spoken narratives
Relate research to the topic of the society/trend
issues
Based on Literature
collects open - ended data
 APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
Main Focus is LIFE
gaining in depth understanding of
underlying reasons
subjective
Investigative in nature
small groups of PARTICIPANTS
What is Qualitative Research?
• Qualitative researchers are interested in
understanding the meaning people
have constructed, that is, how people make
sense of their world and the
experiences they have in the world.
(Merriam, 2009. )
What is Qualitative Research?
Synthesis: Is interpretive, follows a non-
linear research path and speaks a
language of “cases and contexts.” Cases
that arise from daily life are closely
examined.
CLASSIFICATION OF QUALI
GROUNDED THEORY - Deriving a general
abstract theory of a process, action, or
interaction grounded in the view of the
participants
PHENOMELOGICAL - Researcher identifies
the essence of human experiences about a
phenomenon as described by the
participants
CLASSIFICATION OF QUALI
CASE STUDY - explores in depth a
program, event, activity, process or one
or more individuals. the cases are
bounded by time and activity.
ETHNOGRAPHIC - studies as intact
cultural group in a natural setting over
a prolonged period of time
CLASSIFICATION OF QUALI
NARRATIVE - studies the lives of individuals and
asks one or more individuals to provide stories
about their lives.
ACTION - examines his own practice, such
examination serving as a basis for professional
development.
HISTORICAL - makes use of past records to
understand the events, situations and problems
which transpired with the past.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALI
According to Creswell (2009)
1. Natural Setting
2. Researcher as KEY instrument
3. Multiple Resources of Data
4. Messy Inductive Data Analysis
5. Participants Meaning
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALI
6. Emergent Flexible Design
7. Theoretical Lens
8. Interpretive Investigation
9. Holistic Account
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
The purpose is to The purpose is to
explain and gain explain, predict,
Purpose

insight and and/or control

understanding of phenomena
phenomena through
through focused
intensive collection
of narrative data.
collection of
numerical data.
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Group Studied

Smaller and Larger and

not randomly
randomly
selected
selected
 Comparison chart

Qualitative Quantitative
Purposive: Intent to Random: Intent to
Sampling

select “small, ” not select “large, ”

necessarily representative
representative, sample in order to
sample in order to
generalize results
get in-depth
to a population
understanding
 Comparison chart

Qualitative Quantitative

Study of Specific
Variables

the whole variables

not studied
variables
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Numbers and
Words, images
statistics.

Type of Data Collected

 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Qualitative data such as Quantitative data based on

open-ended responses, precise measurements using
interviews, participant structured and validated
observations, field notes, data-collection instruments
reflections

Form of Data Collected

 Comparison chart

Qualitative Quantitative
Type of Data Analysis

Identify Identify
patterns, statistical
features, relationships
themes
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Approach
subjective,
Objective, focused,
to Inquiry holistic, process-
outcome- oriented
oriented
Research Controlled Controlled to
Setting
setting not as the degree
important possible
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Non-standardized, Standardized, numerical

Measurement
narrative (written word) (measurements, numbers)

Flexible, specified only in general Structured, inflexible, specified in

terms in advance of study. detail in advance of study.
Design Nonintervention, minimal Intervention, manipulation and control-
disturbance All Descriptive— Descriptive, Correlation Causal-
and History, Biography, Ethnography, Comparative, Experimental. Consider
Method Phenomenology, Grounded few variables, large group
Theory, Case Study, (hybrids of
these) Consider many variables,
small group
 Comparison chart

Qualitative Quantitative
Role of Researcher

Researcher and their

Researcher and their
biases may be known
biases are not known
to participants in the
to participants in the
study, & participant
study, & participants
characteristics may
characteristics are
be known to the
deliberately hidden
researcher
from the researcher
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Raw data are in Raw data are

Data Analysis

words. Essentially numbers Performed

ongoing, involves at the end of study,
using the involves statistics
observations/com (using numbers to
ments to come to come to
a conclusion. conclusions).
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Scientific method

Exploratory or Confirmatory or
bottom-up: the top-down: the
researcher researcher tests
generates a new the hypothesis
hypothesis and and theory with
theory from the the data
data collected
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Wide-angle Narrow-angle
Focus

lens: examines lens: tests

the breadth specific
and depth of hypotheses
phenomena
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Study Study behavior

Nature of Observation

behavior in a under
natural controlled
conditions:
environment
isolate causal
effects
 Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Narrative report Statistical report

with contextual
Final Report

with
description & correlations,
direct comparisons of
quotations from means, &
research statistical
participants significance of
Strengths of Qualitative Research
1. Offers the best light on or best
answers to certain phenomena-social,
economic, political or even
psychological.
2. Results are exhaustive.
Strengths of Qualitative Research
3. Offers several avenues to understand
phenomena, behavior, human conditions and
the like.
4. Can build on, or even develop theories
through consistent themes, categories,
relationships.
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. Total immersion in the natural setting of
the research can be time-consuming,
tedious and resource-draining.
2. The personal-self and the researcher-self
are inseparable, so, subjectivity, on the
part of the researcher, can happen.
Qualitative Research Methods?
1. Participant Observation- Immersion in the
natural setting.
2. Observation- systematic noting or
recording of events.
3. In-depth Interviewing- Large amount of
data are gathered quickly and immediate
follow-up and clarifications are possible.
Qualitative Research Methods?
4. Focus Group Interviewing- Asks focused
questions, in order to encourage discussion
and the expression of differing opinions and
points of view.
5. Content Analysis- Systematic examination
of forms of communication to document
patterns objectively.
Qualitative Research Methods?
6. Narratology- Narrative inquiry
(story telling, retelling and reliving of
personal experiences)
7. Films, Videos and Photography-
Provide visual records of events.
SEATWORK
WRITE QUALI IF THE STATEMENT REFERS TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
AND QUANTI IF IT REFERS TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Survey regarding the approval
ratingsof President Rodrigo Duterte and
other top - ranking government officials
2. Lived experiences of overseas Filipino
workers victimized by foreign bosses
SEATWORK
WRITE QUALI IF THE STATEMENT REFERS TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND
QUANTI IF IT REFERS TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

3. Focus group discussion regarding

extra judicial killings related to the drug
problem in the country
4. Experiment on the effectiveness of
two medicines for the cure or
pneumonia
SEATWORK
WRITE QUALI IF THE STATEMENT REFERS TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
AND QUANTI IF IT REFERS TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
5. Evaluation on the
effectiveness of a new strategy in
the teaching of English
6. Exploring the lives of Filipino
seafarers working abroad during
their vacation from work.
SEATWORK
WRITE QUALI IF THE STATEMENT REFERS TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND
QUANTI IF IT REFERS TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

7. Longitudinal study of a
schizophrenic confined in the
National Center for Mental Health.
8. Opinion poll related to the shift
of the Philippine government to
federalism
SEATWORK
WRITE QUALI IF THE STATEMENT REFERS TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND
QUANTI IF IT REFERS TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

9. Analysis of the structures of rhymed

verses in American and Philippine
poetry.
10. Assessment of the outcomes of the
first year of implementation of the K -
12 basic education curriculum.
PLEASE PREPARE YOUR CHOSEN TOPIC BY USING
THIS FRAMEWORK
SUBJECT: GENERATION Z
MAIN FOCUS: (TOPIC)
MAIN VARIABLE:
SUB VARIABLES TO BE CONSIDERED:
RESEARCH PROBLEM
REASON/PURPOSE
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SUMMARIZE (CITE) ATLEAST 5 ARTICLES RELATED TO YOUR CHOSEN FOCUS OF
THE STUDY.