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COMBINED FORCES
By:
Amit H. Varma
Design of Members for Combined Forces
Chapter H of the AISC Specification
This chapter addresses members subject to axial force
and flexure about one or both axes.
H1 - Doubly and singly symmetric members
H1.1 Subject to flexure and compression
The interaction of flexure and compression in doubly
symmetric members and singly symmetric members for
which 0.1 Iyc / Iy 0.9, that are constrained to bend about
a geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited by the
Equations shown below.
Iyc is the moment of inertia about the y-axis referred to the
compression flange.
Design of Members for Combined Forces
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
Pr 8 M rx M ry
1.0
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
1.0
2Pc M cx M cy
where,
x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending
y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis bending
Design of Members for Combined Forces
Pr = required axial compressive strength using LRFD
load combinations
Mr = required flexural strength using LRFD load
combinations
Pc = c Pn = design axial compressive strength according
to Chapter E
Mc = b Mn = design flexural strength according to
Chapter F.
c = 0.90 and b = 0.90
Design of Members for Combined Forces
H1.2 Doubly and singly symmetric members in flexure
and tension
Use the same equations indicated earlier
But, Pr = required tensile strength
Pc = t Pn = design tensile strength according to Chapter
D, Section D2.
t = 0.9
For doubly symmetric members, Cb in Chapter F may be
𝛼𝑃𝑟
multiplied by 1+ for axial tension that acts
𝑃𝑒𝑦
concurrently with flexure
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼𝑦
• Where, 𝑃𝑒𝑦 =
𝐿2𝑏
; α=1(LRFD)
Design of Members for Combined Forces
where:
𝑃𝑐𝑦 = available compressive strength out of plane of bending
𝐶𝑏 = lateral torsional buckling modification factor (Section F1)
𝑀𝑐𝑥= available lateral-torsional strength for strong axis
flexure (Chapter F, using 𝐶𝑏 =1)
Design of Members for Combined Forces.
The provisions of Section H1 apply to rolled wide-flange
shapes, channels, tee-shapes, round, square, and
rectangular tubes, and many other possible
combinations of doubly or singly symmetric sections
built-up from plates.
cPY
cPY
bMp
Design of Members for Combined Forces.
P-M interaction curve according to Section H1.1
cPY
P-M interaction
Column axial load capacity P
c n for zero length
accounting for x and y axis
buckling
P-M interaction
for full length
cPn
bMn bMp
cPnx
bMn bMp
Out-of-plane Beam moment capacity
accounting for lateral-torsional buckling
In-plane Beam moment capacity
accounting for flange local buckling
Design of Members for Combined Forces.
Steel Beam-Column Selection Tables
Table 6-1 W shapes in Combined Axial and Bending
1
p (kips) 1
c Pn
8
bx (kip ft ) 1
9b M nx
8
by (kip ft ) 1
9b M ny
If pPr 0.2 : pPr bx M rx by M ry 1.0
bx M rx by M ry 1.0
pPr 9
If pPr 0.2 :
2 8
The values of p and bx for each rolled W section is provided
in Table 6-1 for different unsupported lengths KLy or Lb.
The Table also includes the values of by, ty, and tr for all the
rolled sections. These values are independent of length
Design of Members for Combined Forces.
Table 6-1 is normally used with iteration to determine an
appropriate shape.
After selecting a trial shape, the sum of the load ratios
reveals if that trial shape is close, conservative, or
unconservative with respect to 1.0.
When the trial shape is unconservative, and axial load
effects dominate, the second trial shape should be one
with a larger value of p.
Similarly, when the X-X or Y-Y axis flexural effects
dominate, the second trial shape should one with a larger
value of bx or by, respectively.
This process should be repeated until an acceptable shape
is determined.
Estimating Required Forces - Analysis
The beam-column interaction equation include both the
required axial forces and moments, and the available
capacities.
The available capacities are based on column and beam
strengths, and the P-M interaction equations try to
account for their interactions.
However, the required Pr and Mr forces are determined
from analysis of the structure. This poses a problem,
because the analysis SHOULD account for second-order
effects.
1st order analysis DOES NOT account for second-order
effects.
What is 1st order analysis and what are second-order
effects?
First-Order Analysis
The most important assumption in 1st order analysis is
that FORCE EQUILIBRIUM is established in the
UNDEFORMED state.
All the analysis techniques taught in CE270, CE371, and
CE474 are first-order.
These analysis techniques assume that the deformation
of the member has NO INFLUENCE on the internal
forces (P, V, M etc.) calculated by the analysis.
This is a significant assumption that DOES NOT work
when the applied axial forces are HIGH.
First-Order Analysis
Results from a 1st order analysis
M1 M2
P P
V1
-V1
Free Body M(x)
diagram In undeformed state
x
M(x) = M1+V1 x
M1 Moment diagram M2
V1
-V1
P M1
Free Body M(x) In deformed state
diagram V1 v(x) is the vertical deformation
x
M(x) = M1+V1 x + P v(x)
M1 Moment diagram M2
Pe1 = 2EI/(K1L)2
I =moment of inertia in the plane of bending
K1=1.0 for braced case
Second Order Effects
+ =
Mo
Mo
P
As you can see, there is a moment amplification due
to the sway of the beam chord by .
This is also referred as the story P- effect that
produces second-order moments in sway frames due
to inter-story drift.
All the beam-columns in the story will have P- effect
Further Moment Amplification
The design moments for a sway frame (or unrestrained
frame) can be obtained from a first order analysis.
But, the first order moments will have to amplified to
account for second-order P- effects.
According to the AISC specification, this amplification can
be achieved with the factor B2
1
B2 1.0
Pstory
1
Pe story
Further Moment Amplification
The final understanding
The required forces (Pr, Vr, and Mr) can be obtained from a
first-order analysis of the frame structure. But, they have to
be amplified to account for second-order effects.
For the braced frame, only the P- effects of deflection from
the chord will be present.
For the sway frame, both the P- and the P- effects of
deflection from and of the chord will be present.
These second-order effects can be accounted for by the
following approach.
Step 1 - Develop a model of the building structure, where the
sway or interstory drift is restrained at each story. Achieve
this by providing a horizontal reaction at each story
Step 2 - Apply all the factored loads (D, L, W, etc.) acting on
the building structure to this restrained model.
The final understanding
Step 3 - Analyze the restrained structure. The resulting forces
are referred as Pnt, Vnt, Mnt, where ‘nt’ stands for no
translation (restrained). The horizontal reactions at each story
have to be stored
Step 4 - Go back to the original model, and remove the
restraints at each story. Apply the horizontal reactions at each
story with a negative sign as the new loading. DO NOT apply
any of the factored loads.
Step 5 - Analyze the unrestrained structure. The resulting
forces are referred as Plt, Vlt, and Mlt, where ‘lt’ stands for
lateral translation (free).
Step 6 - Calculate the required forces for design using
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt
Vr = Vnt + B2 Vlt
Mr = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt
Example