Types Of Direct Injection

Systems
MPFi Engine

The purpose of this system is to supply proper A/F mixture to each cylinder of
the engine.
These are classified as:
Port injection system
The injector is fitted in the inlet manifold near the inlet valve. The uniform
mixture formed enters into the cylinder.
Every cylinder is provided with a separate injector in multi-cylinder engine as
shown in fig below.
Throttle Injection systems
• The system is shown in the fig, where single
injector is used like a single carburetor. The throttle
valve controls the amount of air entering in the
intake manifold.
• The injector is located above the throat of the body
and injected fuel mixes with air. then the mixture
passes into the intake manifold. The fuel injected is
controlled as per the speed and load on the engine.
DIRECT INJECTION
• Direct injection is where fuel is injected (directly)
into the cylinders, not mixed with air in the inlet
manifold or inlet ports before being drawn into the
cylinders.
• The advantages of direct injection are that the fuel
can be placed in the combustion space in a more
controlled manner than with conventional (inlet)
injection systems.
 stratified charge engine.
1) Stratified charge engines are designed to have a
different air/fuel ratio at different locations within the
combustion chamber.

2) The whole air fuel mixture is distributed in layers of

different mixture strengths across the combustion
chamber, while the overall mixture is lean, resulting in
higher thermal efficiency and reduced pollution.

3) It is a hybrid internal combustion engine

The following are the important features of this engine

1. Injecting the fuel directly into the combustion

chamber during the compression stroke. It avoids the
knock.
2. Igniting the fuel as it mixes with air with a spark plug
to provide direct control of the ignition process.
3. Engine power is controlled by varying the amount of
fuel injected per cycle.

Types of stratified charge engine

1. A direct injection stratified charge engine

2. Jet ignition or torch ignition stratified charge engine
Direct injection stratified charge engine

1. Figure shows the combustion chamber

is of bowl in piston type for a high
degree of air swirl is created during
the suction stroke

2. Fuel is injected about 30o before TDC

tangentially into the hot wall of the
deep spherical piston bowl during the
latter stages of combustion.

3. The fuel is carried around the wall of

the bowl by the swirling flow,
evaporated off the wall and mixed
with tha air.
4. the flame spreads by spark plug and
consumes the fuel air mixture.
Torch ignition stratified charge spark ignition engine
Intake
1. The operating principles of a
jet ignition or torch ignition
stratified charge engine with a
three valve carbureted system
are illustrated in figure.
2. It uses a small prechamber fed
during intake with an auxiliary
fuel system to obtain an easily
ignitable mixture around the
spark plug.
3. A separate carburettor and intake manifold
feed a fuel rich mixture through a separate small
intake valve into the prechamber which contains
the spark plug.

4. The mixture strength is too rich to get ignited

with the available air.

5. At the same time, a very lean mixture is fed to

the main combustion chamber through the main
carburettor and intake manifold.
Compression

After the intake valve is closed,

the lean mixture from the
main chamber is compressed
and enters into the
prechamber.

The mixture strength in the

prechamber becomes slightly
rich but easily ignitable.
Combustion

After combustion starts in the

prechamber, the rich burning
mixture issues a jet through
the orifice into the main
chamber, entraining and
igniting the lean main
chamber charge.

The overall mixture strength is

leaner than the mixture that
could normally be burned
with conventional SI engines.
 Variable Compression Ratio (VCR)
What is it?

• The combustion chamber volume, Vc, is

altered to meet the power needs to the
vehicle.
• At low power levels, high CR captures fuel
efficiency benefits.
• At high power levels, low CR prevents knock.
 Variable Compression Ratio (VCR)
Engine
Advantages
The following are the main advantages of the variable compression ratio engine:
1. It is very compact.
2. It has a lower rate of pressure rise throughout the load range.
3. The fuel economy at part load increases because of using higher compression
ratio.
4. It has a good cold starting and idling performance because of using higher
compression ratio at these conditions.
5. Due to higher compression ratios at starting and at part load operation, the VCR
engine has good multifuel capability.
 Disadvantages
The following are some of the disadvantages of the
variable compression ratio engine:
1. The design of the engine components is
complicated.
2. Since the surface area-to-volume ratio of the
combustion chamber rises progressively with higher
compression ratios, the efficiency losses due to
friction and pumping increase at part load.
3. HC emission also increases at part load.
Vertically sliding cylinder head

The cylinder head assembly is raised or lowered by means of a fine screw threaded
adjustment mechanism.

The clearance volume is reduced as the cylinder head is lowered and the clearance
volume is increased as the cylinder head is raised.
There is no change in the stroke volume.

Thus the compression ratio of the engine is increased by lowering the cylinder head
and the compression ratio is reduced by raising the cylinder head.