Topic 3:

Academic Writing
Last week Lecture
 What comprises an organisation
 The importance of efficiency and effectiveness
 The skills
 conceptual, interpersonal and technical
 Functions
 Planning, leading, organising and controlling
 Roles of managers
 Decisional, informational, interpersonal
 History of Management Theories
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Chapter 1
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This week Learning Objectives
• Cite references using the APA method shown in the Q Manual
• Recognise some of the markers of academic writing
• Produce assignments in the essay and report formats
• Gain familiarity with assessment criteria
• Identify academic sources relevant to the management discipline
• Become research literate
Bahan Bacaan Minggu Ini
• Q Manual
• Silahkan download dari SHARE ITS
 Reminder: Tugas 1

• Due on Week 7
• Interview with
a manager
Siapakah Manager yang
akan anda Interview?
TUGAS 1: Apa yang harus anda jawab?

Critically evaluate the relevance of Katz’s three

skills and the influence of Social Media on the
managerial work of the manager you
interviewed
 Katz’s management skills at different
levels
Top managers Conceptual
Skills

Human
Middle managers Skills

Lower-level Technical
managers Skills

Level of importance

© Copyright 2003 Pearson Education Australia

Figure 1.5 9 9
Content of Assignment 1
INTERVIEW

Practical application Social Media

of the theoretical
constructs

Adakah relevansi Bagaimana pengaruhnya

Theory Katz’s pada tugas seorang
managerial skills manager
Image credit http://www.collegegrad.com/imagesvr_ce/4246/job%20interview.jpg
Adakah relevansi Theory Technical Skills
Katz’s managerial skills Interpersonal
• Apakah ada di manager
pada manager yang anda Skills
anda? Seberapa besar?
wawancarai Conceptual Skills • Apa contohnya?
• Jika tidak ada, mengapa?
• Adakah hubungannya
dengan variable lain:
• Jenis pekerjaan
• Level management
• Level persuahaan?

Bagaimana pengaruhnya
pada tugas manager
yang anda wawancara
BANDINGKAN DG THEORY
Construction and development of your argument

Development
Researching Analysis Referencing Presentation
of argument
 Research

Field research Theory research

• Complete the interview with a • Katz’s managerial skills

manager • Other management theories
(e.g Fayol, Katz, Weber)
• Textbook
• Journal articles (2)
• Periodicals
Essay writing
Essay mengharuskan Anda untuk membangun perdebatan
tentang berbagai argumen-argumen yang berda, baik yang
mendukung atau tidak mendukung tentang suatu masalah
tertentu. Anda harus benar-benar mendiskusikan gagasan
utama dengan tetap memperhatikan batasan panjang essay
(word limit).
Essay writing

Break topic
Look at how
down to identify Assess them
they interact
the parts
Analysis
Assignment 1:
Two parts – one descriptive, two analytical

Look at how they interact:

first part explains the context;
remaining parts identify theory and discuss their
practical application.
Descriptive part
• First in the body of the discussion give a brief description of the
manager you interviewed:
• Level of management, size of organisation
• Industry type
• Brief outline of major roles/ duties
Analytical parts
Analytical: means assessing those issues, factors or
parts for their contribution to the interaction.

 Identify and discuss where Katz’s managerial skills

are/are not reflected in the work of the manager you
interviewed. Use Katz’s theory and evidence from your
research (the interview) to support your ideas.
 Also evaluate and discuss how SOCIAL MEDIA affects
the work of the manager. Provide evidence and
analysis to support your discussion.
Now make an assessment..
• Are Katz’s managerial skills reflected in the work
of the manager you interviewed? Yes or no?
• Does social media influence the work of the
manager interviewed?
Development of argument
• Are Katz’s managerial skills reflected in the work of the
manager you interviewed?
• If yes, what evidence can you show?
• If no, speculate why this is so.
• Does Social Media affect in the work of the manager you
interviewed?
• In what ways do they influence the work of manager?
• Provide examples
 Essay writing
Analytical: means assessing those issues, factors or parts for their
contribution to the interaction.

Break topic down to identify the parts

Look at how they interact
Assess them

Your perspective

And Critical: means looking for and Present the discussion in

discussing similarities and differences, relation to what you think
advantages and disadvantages, strengths and has most merit, most
weaknesses influence, most impact.

Determine if there are a range of

viewpoints or theories
Discuss their strengths/ weaknesses in
relation to your task
 How could this be improved?
• Support from the literature for the • The other thing which defines academic
reasons mentioned in this early version of writing is that it is your thoughts on the
the discussion. matter. Sure, you will read lots of other
• And, it is supporting your arguments with people’s ideas, but then you need to work
the ideas and data of others which out what you think…and start with this.
defines an academic argument- one
which is supported.
 Purpose of academic writing
• Achievement at university is measured by your ability to
demonstrate what you have learned and read in your own words

• To show you have thought about the materials your lecturers have
directed you to, and that you’ve searched for

• To develop some kind of position on the topic of the assignment,

based on your research

• To support your position with the ideas of other’s- the literature

 Essay writing is also a process
The final form which you submit is the product of your
efforts, but there is also a process…
 Pre writing tasks

 Writing

 Post writing tasks

First step: Pre-writing
A key part of dealing with assignment questions and planning for your
assignment is to think – as early as you can – about:

• Possible arguments – that could be proposed in response to the questions

(Think of an argument as the way you might complete the following – In this essay, it
will be argued that....)

• Possible assignment structures – that could be used to allow your argument

to come through. (Think of essay structures as a provisional outline of sections/
paragraphs.)

• Include the 2 parts in the introduction of your essay

Pre-writing tasks
• Researching (strategic reading)
• Note-taking
• Planning
• Brain storming and mind mapping
• Preparing an outline
Brain storm…
What a manager does…. Approves final
payroll

Attends meetings Plans for next

with month’s big sale –
Environmental how much stock
Protection Agency and staff?

Disseminate
information

Holds meetings for

staff once a month
Discusses work
performance with
individuals
Start to categorize… Human skills

Conceptual skills • meetings with

Environmental Protection
•planning next month’s Agency
big sale
?
?

Technical skills
• discuss work performance
Second step: Writing
Planning a ‘rough’ essay plan is important
• A sense of direction
• Some idea of organisation
• A clear line of argument
 Writing the Introduction
• Contextualize the topic with a general background statement
• Contoh:
• Makalah ini akan menganalisis apakah empat prinsip manajemen Taylor
tercermin dalam pekerjaan seorang manajer. Selain itu teori-teori
manajemen lainnya akan dianalisis pada pekerjaan seorang manajer

• Provide your main argument- your position on the topic

• Paper ini akan menunjukkan bahwa Prinsip Manajemen Taylor’s tidak

tercermin pada pekerjaan sehari-hari manajer yang diwawancarai.
Tetapi Teori Mintzberg’s dan Katz’s theories memberikan penjelasan yang
komprehensive tentang pekerjaan manajer yang diwawancarai.
 Writing the Introduction
• Jelaskan bagaimana susunan paper/essay:

Makalah ini dimulai dengan penjelasan singkat tentang manajer

yang diwawancara. Pemanfaatan keempat prinsip Taylor oleh
manajer kemudian akan dianalisis dan dibahas apakah prinsip
Taylor masih relevan dalam pekerjaan seharai-hari seorang
manajer. Kemudian peranana teknologi dalam pekerajaan
manajer, dan teori-teori alternatif lainnya akan disajikan sebagai
penjelasan yang lebih baik tentang apa yang dilakukan oleh
manajer. Makalah ini menyimpulkan bahwa keempat prinsip
Taylor tidak tercermin dengan baik. Namun, pekerjaan manajer
dapat dijelaskan dengan lebih baik menggunakan teori Mintzberg
dan Katz.
 Essay structure- the points
supporting the discussion
Introduction Think of your
essay in terms
First part of ‘chunks’

Each one represents

a key part, forecast by
Second part
the Introduction,
although it may
consist of more than
one paragraph
Third part

A good essay will

finish well- using a
conclusion that
Conclusion draws together
what you have said
Writing the conclusion
• It is different from a summary
• In a conclusion, you are still working the
material, drawing similarities, noting
differences, prioritising, evaluating. So, in
your conclusion you are using present tense:
For example: Analysis of the interview with [a manager] highlights
limited use of Taylor four principles of management,
and this was due primarily to the industry he was in.
However, Mintzberg’s and Katz’s theories were evident
in the work of the manager.

Remember, a good essay has a conclusion drawing together

what you have said not simply repeating what you have
already said!
Third step: Post writing tasks- Editing
• Read your essay aloud- pretend you are a newsreader- listen for
incomplete sentences
• Have a friend read it
• Move bits around- ensure your paragraphs have one idea
• Correct your grammar, punctuation
Some reminders about language
• No contractions:
• You should use cannot NOT can’t!
• Objective language:
• Don’t use I, we, you, us
• Formal language
• Don’t use ‘a lot of people’; use ‘many people’!
• Avoid definites like ‘It’s quite obvious..’; instead use ‘It appears…’
 Referencing
• Q Manual is the LAW when it comes to referencing (No
negotiation!)
• Download Q-Manual from share.its.ac.id
• You will have an opportunity to develop your ability to use
references in your tutorial this week
• Basically, it always looks like this-
– Smith (2006) points out that ...
Or
– There is evidence to show that ... (Smith, 2006).
Referencing
• In-text Citation
• Reference list
APA Referencing Style
(The American Psychological Association)
In-text Citation
• Cite an author or source within your text
• Using the APA style, the in-text citation should:
• show the last name/s of the author (or authors)
• include the year of publication
• cite the author names in the order in which they appear in the source
• within the brackets use “&”, but in the text use “and” (e.g. see Three-five
authors below)
• indicate page number (if it is a direct quotation, statistics, a table or diagram)
 In-text Citation

• One source:
Deegan (2002) suggests there are numerous methods which may be adopted.

OR

Few authors have approached the topic in this way (Deegan, 2002).
 In-text Citation
• Multi sources:
Consideration of expatriate adjustment is becoming increasingly
important (Mahoney & Trigg, 2001; Stone, 2002).

Alphabetical Order
 In-text Citation

• One Author:
…the results were inconclusive (Hawkins, 2003).
Hawkins (2003) reported that the results were inconclusive

• Two authors:
…(Bovey & Hede, 2001)
Bovey and Hede (2001) argue...
 In-text Citation
• Three – five authors
• First time cited
…(Clegg, Hardy & Nord, 1996)
Clegg, Hardy and Nord (1996) assert that...

• Thereafter, type only the first author name, then “et al.”
…(Clegg et al., 1996)
Clegg et al. (1996) assert that....
In-text Citation
• Six or more authors
• Use only the family name of the first author, followed by “et al.” the first
and subsequent times
• In the reference list entry include only the first six authors. If there are
more than six authors, after the sixth name type “et al.” and omit the
subsequent names
In-text Citation
• Multiple works by the same author in the same year
• Differentiate the citations by adding an a,b,c…suffix to the year
• Suffixes also appear in the reference list
• Reference list entries for the same author are ordered alphabetically by title.
In-text Citation
• Unknown author
• If no author is stated in the work, use the first few words of the title in place of
the author
• For an article or chapter use double quotation marks
As reported in the business press (“Singapore Profit,” 2007)...
• For a periodical book, report or brochure, use italics
According to the brochure, Succeeding in Exams (1979)…
• When the author is given as “Anonymous”, cite as (Anonymous, 1997)
In-text Citation
• An organisation as the author
• … (Bank Indonesia, 2012)
• … (World Bank, 2010)
In-text Citation
• Direct Quotation
• In addition to author name and year the page number must be stated
• In the case of an electronic source (e.g. a website) that has no page numbers,
specify the paragraph e.g. (Perrin, 2006, para. 4).
In-text Citation
…(Chang, 1997, as cited in Friedman, 2006).
Chang (1997, as cited in Friedman, 2006) suggests that this is inconsistent…
Friedman (2006) cited Chang (1997) as arguing for…

• In the reference list only include an entry for the work that you actually
read (i.e. Friedman’s article)
Sekali lagi:
• Sudahkah anda memulai interview?
• Sudahkan anda mencari literature pendukung?

• Jangan lupa kunjungi share.its.ac.id