Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physiology of Metabolism and Energy
Physiology of Metabolism and Energy
and energy
The absorbed materials
Pyruvate is the
starting
molecule for
oxidative
phosphorylation
via the Krebb's
or citric acid
cycle.
In this process,
all of the C-C
and C-H bonds
of the pyruvate
will be
transferred to
oxygen.
Summary of
metabolism of glucose
Anaerobic
Basically, the pyruvate is
oxidized to acetyl coenzyme Consumed
2 ATP
A, which can then bind with :
the four carbon oxaloacetate
to generate a six carbon Produced: 8 ATP
citrate.
Carbons and hydrogens are
gradually cleaved from this Net: 6 ATP
citrate until all that remains
is the four carbon Aerobic
oxaloacetate we started Consume
with. In the process, four 0 ATP
d:
NADHs, one FADH and one
GTP are generated for each Produced: 2x 15 ATP
starting pyruvate.
Net: 30 ATP
Gluconeogenesis
The process of conversion of lactate to
glucose is called gluconeogenesis, uses
some of the reactions of glycolysis (but in
the reverse direction) and some reactions
unique to this pathway to re-synthesise
glucose.
This pathway requires an energy input (as
ATP) but has, due to kidneys, the role of
maintaining a circulating glucose
concentration in the bloodstream (even in
the absence of dietary supply) and also
maintaining a glucose supply to fast twitch
muscle fibres.
Fats
Fat molecules are a rich source of energy for
the body. The first step in digestion of a fat is
to dissolve it into the watery content of the
intestinal cavity.
Fat digestion
The bile acids produced by the liver act as natural
detergents to dissolve fat in water and allow the
enzymes to break the large fat molecules into smaller
molecules, some of which are fatty acids and
cholesterol. The bile acids combine with the fatty
acids and cholesterol and help these molecules to
move into the cells of the mucosa. In these cells the
small molecules are formed back into large molecules,
most of which pass into vessels (called lymphatics)
near the intestine.
These small vessels carry the reformed fat to the
veins of the chest, and the blood carries the fat to
liver and than to storage depots in different parts of
the body.
Fat metabolism and
gluconeogenesis