INTRODUCTION :

 A satellite is something that goes

around and around a larger
something, like the earth or another
planet.

 Some satellites are natural, like the

moon, which is a natural satellite
of the earth.Other satellites are
made by scientists and
technologists to go around the earth
and do certain jobs.

 Some satellites send and receive

television signals. The signal is sent
from a station onthe earth’s surface.

 The satellite receives the signal

and rebroadcasts it to other places
on the earth.
Why Satellite???
 To Avoid number of Repeaters on the earth surface.
 Avoiding Line of Sight Propagation.
 High coverage area i.e. a single satellite covers 48%
earth surface. For this we require 3 satellites to cover the
total surface.
 To avoid obstacles like building, tree, mountain etc.
Structure of a Satellite Link
 A satellite link is similar to a terrestrial microwave
link with two hops, the satellite playing the role of a
repeater.

 Two distinctly separated frequency bands for

 the uplink path from the earth station to the satellite and
 the downlink path from the satellite to the earth station
 The satellite, as a repeater.
 receives the uplink signals from the earth
stations,
 translates them to the down link frequency band
 amplifies them, and
 transmits back to the earth station.
 The up-link and down-link signals are modulated
carriers as in terrestrial microwave links.
 The satellite as repeater, does not distinguish
between the type of modulated used in the carrier.
 It can be a frequency modulated carrier.
Choice of Frequency of Operation :
 The majority of present day communication
satellites use the following frequencies in the C-
band and other bands assigned by CCIR.
“C” Band 5.925 GHz to 6.425 GHz used for Up link.
3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz used for Down link.

Extended 5.85 GHz to 5.9 GHz

used for Up link.
“C” Band 6.425 GHz to 7.025 GHz
3.4 GHz to 3.7 GHz
used for Down link.
4.5 GHz to 4.8 GHz

“Ku” Band 12.75 GHz to 13.250 GHz

used for Up link.
14.00 GHz to 14.5 GHz
10.7 GHz to 11.7 GHz used for Down link.

“Ka” Band 27.00 GHz to 30.00 GHz used for Up link.

18.10 GHz to 20.20 GHz used for Down link.
Orbit of Satellite :
 Orbit is a path traversed by a satellite, orbit
may be Equilateral, inclined and Polar.
 The parameters of the orbit are defined by
three laws of Kepler.
 Following figure shows the period of
revolution of a satellite as a function of its
altitude.
Geostationary Satellite:
 If the revolution of satellite around the earth is equal
to rotation of the earth along its axis, then the
satellite is called Geostationary satellite.
 The satellite orbit is placed at a distance of 36000 km
from the centre of the earth.
 On the other hand, a satellite which appears to be
immobile when seen from the earth, is called
geostationary.
 Majority of the communication satellites are
geostationary for the very practical reason that an
earth station antenna can be easily pointed towards
its.
Satellite Delay:
 Transmission path of a communication link through a
satellite is about 72000 km long (36000 km uplink path
and 36000 km downlink path).
 Electromagnetic waves traveling at 3 x 105 km/sec take
about 240 ms. from one end to the other.
 Such large propagation delay is at the limit of
psychologically tolerable values in telephony.
 The propagation delay results in “echo” in a telephony
channel.
 A special equipment called echo suppressors is
incorporated in the earth station to counteract the echo.
Equipment in a communication
Satellite
 The equipment carried about a satellite essentially
consists of
 Payload
 Support subsystems
 Payload refers to the equipment used to provide the
service for which the satellite has been launched.
 In communication satellites, payload consists of
transponders which carry out the repeater function
and the transmit and receive antennas.
 Support subsystems include altitude and orbit
control equipment, power subsystem, telemetry
and tele-command subsystem, etc.
Transponders :

 A transponder is a series of interconnected units which form a

single chain for processing an RF channel between the receive
and transmit antennas.
Choice of Transponder :
 One-Way Communication: Data Relay Transponder
 Two-Way Communication: MSS Transponder
Types of Satellite :
 Anti-Satellite weapons, sometimes called "Killer satellites" are
satellites designed to destroy "enemy" satellites, other orbital
weapons and targets.
 Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant
planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
 Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally
for scientific experimentation.
 Communications satellites
 are an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of
telecommunications.
Modern communications satellites typically use
geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or low Earth
orbits.
 Navigation satellites are satellites which use radio time signals
transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine
their exact location.
 Altitude Classifications
 LOW EARTH ORBIT(LEO):
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)) refers to a satellite which orbits the earth
at altitudes between (very roughly) 200 miles and 930 miles.

 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO):

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) refers to a satellite which orbits the
earth at an altitude below 22,300 miles (geostationary orbit) and
above the altitude of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites.

 High Earth Orbit (HEO):

Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35,786
km (22,240 miles).

 Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO):

In other words, if a satellite in a geostationary orbit is in a
certain place above the earth, it will stay in that same spot above
the earth.
Geostationary satellites are commonly used for communications
and weather-observation
Advantages of Satellite Communications:

 Wide coverage
 Suitable for both Digital and Analog
Transmission
 High Quality
 Flexibility
 Quick Provision of Services
 Mobile and Emergency Communication
Satellite Communication in India :
 In India, satellite communication has been in use for
overseas communication by Videsh Sanchar Nigam
Ltd. for many years.
 This service is provided through INTELSAT satellite.
 Two locations in the geostationary orbit were reserved
for Indian satellites i.e.74o east and 93.5o west.
 Series of four satellites (INSAT–I series) was planned
.
INSAT :
 Indian National Satellite System
 INSAT—1 in April 1982
 5 Satellites in INSAT-2 and INSAT-3
 5 Communication Satellite planned in INSAT-4 Series.
Conclusion:
By going through the above slides we came to know that satellite is
mostly responsible for telecommunication transmission and
reception of television signals and wheather forcasting which is
very important in our daily life. Satellites are having some
disadvantages till now.if they are improved to an extent that the
delay will be minimized then I will be a golden achievement of
science in our life.