ADVANCE

SUB-STATION
DESIGN
 CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
APPLICABLE TO ALL POLE
MOUNTED SUBSTATIONS
Construction standards:
• The pole mounted substation shall be sited in
accordance with the locality sketch.

• The orientation of the transformer on the pole shall

be aligned for correct phasing and where possible,
pole climbing access is on the pole side opposite the
direction of traffic flow.
• The pole shall be set in concrete from the edge of the
hole to the pole and from the pole butt to 600mm below
final ground level. The concrete shall be wet mixed and
tamped every 200mm during installation.

• Poles must not be concreted up to ground level.

• A curing period of 7 days is required before installing
the transformer on the pole where the soil conditions
are deemed as poor. In good soil conditions, installation
and construction on the same day is acceptable.
Note: Before installing the transformer on the pole either on the same day or in
the subsequent days, the stability of the pole must be assessed by an
experienced worker to make sure the safety of employees. The provision of the
overhead mains and/or stay poles will increase the pole stability.
 SUBSTATION: FUNCTIONS AND PURPOSE

-An electrical substation is a part of electric energy conversion

and distribution system. Substations are designed for all
voltages. They convert voltage from high to low and in reverse.
 FUNCTIONS AND PURPOSE

- The electrical network defines the purpose, power and voltage of

substations. The loads depend on the consumers. Let’s consider the
main types of substations.
- Converter stations are used to transmit and receive high voltage
current. The main purpose of traction substations is to convert power for
public utilities. Transit traction substations convert power for consumers,
and transmit the power in the network to neighboring power systems.
Intermediate substations convert power to their customers. Terminal
substations are positioned near high-voltage lines.

Depending on the design there are indoor and outdoor

substations. Outdoor substation equipment is located
outdoors. Indoor substations equipment is reliably protected
from adverse weather conditions indoors.
DISTRIBUTION
 The distribution substations are located at the
lace where voltages of primary distribution are being
stepped-down. These voltages are for consumers to
use for their actual loads.

These substations are having high-voltage

bearable wires and conductors having one neutral to
ground and 4 live wires.

The 3 phased voltage is of 34500 volts amid

conductors and wires and the voltage is about 19920
volts in single phase when it is considered amid
neutral to ground and conductor.
Distribution Substation:
• Conventional – Outdoor type with air-insulated
equipment
• Indoor type with air-insulated equipment
• SF6 Gas Insulated Substation
Outdoor type with gas-insulated equipment
Indoor type with gas-insulated equipment
• Composite Substation or Hybrid Substation
combination of above two.
INDUSTRIAL
Industrial Substation:

The industrial substations are also

known as bulk substations and are
traditionally referred to as distributive
substation, however, these are for dedicated
consumers only e.g. industries requiring
bulk power to be supplied.
 SECTIONALIZING AND
TRANSMISSION-LINE SUPPLY

Four-circuit, two-voltage power transmission

line; "Bundled" 2-ways
500 kV Three-phase
electric
power Transmission Lines
at Grand Coulee Dam; four
circuits are shown; two
additional circuits are
obscured by trees on the
right; the entire 7079 MW
generation capacity of the
dam is accommodated by
these six circuits.
High-voltage overhead conductors
are not covered by insulation. The
conductor material is nearly always
an aluminum alloy, made into
several strands and possibly
reinforced with steel strands.
Copper was sometimes used for
overhead transmission, but
aluminum is lighter, yields only
marginally reduced performance
and costs much less. Overhead
conductors are a commodity
supplied by several companies
worldwide.
Electric power can also be transmitted by underground
power cables instead of overhead power lines. Underground
cables take up less right-of-way than overhead lines, have
lower visibility, and are less affected by bad weather.
However, costs of insulated cable and excavation are much
higher than overhead construction. Faults in buried
transmission lines take longer to locate and repair.

A typical ACSR. The

conductor consists of seven
strands of steel surrounded
by four layers of aluminium.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
AND FREQUENCY CHARGE
BENEFITS OF POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION

1. Reducing Electricity Charges

2. Reduce Voltage Drop
3. Reduction In Losses
4. Heat Reduction
 RAILWAY, DIRECTION
CURRENT FOR LIGHT
AND POWER
A railway electrification
system supplies electric
power to railway trains and trams withou
t an on-board prime mover or local fuel
supply. Electric railways use
either electric locomotives (hauling
passengers or freight in separate cars)
or electric multiple units (passenger
cars with their own motors).
 Electricity is typically generated in large
and relatively efficient generating stations,
transmitted to the railway network and
distributed to the trains.

Some electric railways have their own

dedicated generating stations
and transmission lines, but most purchase
power from an electric utility. The railway
usually provides its own distribution lines,
switches, and transformers.
 Power is supplied to moving trains with a (nearly)
continuous conductor running along the track that usually
takes one of two forms: an overhead line, suspended from
poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel
ceilings, or a third rail mounted at track level and contacted
by a sliding "pickup shoe". Both overhead wire and third-
rail systems usually use the running rails as the return
conductor, but some systems use a separate fourth rail for
this purpose.
Direct current:
- Increasing availability of high-voltage semiconductors
may allow the use of higher and more efficient DC voltages
that heretofore have only been practical with AC

Alternating current:
- Railways and electrical utilities use AC for the same reason:
to use transformers, which require AC, to produce higher
voltages. The higher the voltage, the lower the current for the
same power, which reduces line loss, thus allowing higher
power to be delivered.
Because alternating current is used with high voltages,
this method of electrification is only used on overhead lines,
never on third rails. Inside the locomotive, a transformer steps
the voltage down for use by the traction motors and auxiliary
loads.
 TYPES
OF
APPARATUS
 TRANSFORMER,
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER,
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
AND GROUNDING
TRANSFORMER
Transformer Basics

Transformers are electrical devices consisting of

two or more coils of wire used to transfer electrical
energy by means of a changing magnetic field.
 The Voltage Transformer or Potential
Transformer can be thought of as an electrical
component rather than an electronic component. A
transformer basically is very simple static (or stationary)
electro-magnetic passive electrical device that works on
the principle of Faraday’s law of induction by converting
electrical energy from one value to another.
Transformer Construction (single-phase)
•Where:
• VP – is the Primary Voltage
• VS – is the Secondary Voltage
• NP – is the Number of Primary Windings
• NS – is the Number of Secondary Windings
• Φ (phi) – is the Flux Linkage
The Current Transformer

Current Transformers produce an output in proportion to

the current flowing through the primary winding as a result
of a constant potential on the primary.
- The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of
“instrument transformer” that is designed to produce
an alternating current in its secondary winding which
is proportional to the current being measured in its
primary.

- Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to

a much lower value and provide a convenient way of
safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing
in an AC transmission line using a standard ammeter.
The principal of operation of a basic current
transformer is slightly different from that of an
ordinary voltage transformer.
 A grounding transformer or earthing transformer
is a type of auxiliary transformer used in three-
phase electric power systems to provide a ground
path to either an ungrounded wye or a delta-
connected system. Grounding transformers are part
of an earthing system of the network.
 The two most common grounding
transformers. The zig-zag connection is the most
widely used grounding transformer.

- shows how a grounding bank supplies current to a ground fault.

Grounding transformers used as the only ground source to a
distribution circuit should be in service whenever the three-phase
power source is in service.
Purpose of grounding transformer

Grounding transformers are sometimes

used on distribution systems. A grounding
transformer provides a source for zero
sequence current. Sometimes they are
used to convert a 3-wire, ungrounded
circuit into a 4-wire, grounded circuit.
 RECTIFIER

Rectifier transformers are used for industrial processes which

require a significant direct current (dc) supply. Typical processes
would include dc traction, electrolysis, smelting operations, large
variable speed drive trains, etc.
 ROTARY CONVERTER

A rotary converter is a type of electrical machine which acts

as a mechanical rectifier, inverter or frequency converter. Rotary
converters were used to convert alternating current to direct
current, or DC to AC power, before the advent of chemical or
solid state power rectification and inverting.
 FREQUENCY CHANGER

A frequency changer or frequency converter is

an electronic or electromechanical device that converts alternating
current (AC) of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency.

The device may also change the voltage, but if it does, that is incidental
to its principal purpose, since voltage conversion of alternating current is
much easier to achieve than frequency conversion.
 Lightning Arrester
- This is the first component in an electrical
substation, and the main function of these
components is to protect the components of the
substation from passing high voltage as well as
stops the amplitude and duration of the flow of
current.
- The light arrestor components are connected
among the earth as well as a line which mean
parallel to the components under defense at the
electrical substation.
TYPES OF CONTROL
MANUAL, SEMI-AUTOMATIC
Manual control
This system uses no automatic controls, the link
is provided by the human operator.

Semi-automatic control
A sequence of operations is carried out automatically
after being started by a human operator. An example is
starting an electric motor.
 AUTOMATIC AND SUPERVISION
Automatic control
- The human operator is replaced by a controller which
monitors the system in comparison with a desired value,
using feedback loops to take corrective action if necessary.
Supervisory control
- is a general term for control of many
individual controllers or control loops, such as within
a distributed control system. It refers to a high level of overall
monitoring of individual process controllers, which is not
necessary for the operation of each controller, but gives the
operator an overall plant process view, and allows integration
of operation between controllers.