Flotation of

Cassiterite Ore
Febry yulindra
Gyan Prameswara
Suriyanti
Outline
• Factor affecting the flotation
• Flow sheet
• Material characterization
• Kinetics of flotation
• Mass balance
• Design
factor that affect the flotation
1. Particle Size
2. pH
3. Surfactant
4. Koagulan
5. The size of bubble
Reagen of flotation
1. Collector
2. Modifier
3. A frother
Flowsheet
• Overall flowsheet
 Tin Properties
Cassiterite Properties
Recovery of cassiterite and calcite as a function of
salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) concentration (a), lead nitrate (LN)
concentration (b), solution pH (c) and carboxymethyl cellulose
(CMC) concentration (d).
Calculation Algorithm
1. Kinetics
2. Mass Balance
3. Residence Time
4. Volume of Flotation Tank
5. Design Parameter
Kinetic models
Kinetic models are established on the
basis of the analogy between a chemical
reaction (collision of molecules) and an
important flotation mechanism, i.e., the
collision between either hydrophilic or
hydrophobic particles and air bubbles in
the pulp volume. It is generally agreed
that the first paper with flotation kinetics
was published by Zuniga (1935) in Chile.
Kinetic models
The differential equation of Zuniga (1935) can be written as:

𝑑𝐶 𝐶0 −𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑡
= −𝐾𝐶 𝑛 (1) 𝑅 𝑡 = =1− (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝐶0 𝐶0

𝑑𝑅 𝑛
𝑅∞ = 1 − 𝐶∞ (3) = 𝐾 𝑅∞ − 𝑅 (4)
𝑑𝑡

C= concentration
t= time
n= order
Distribution of K
• When n=1

3 𝐴𝑓𝑟 ℎ
𝑅 = 𝑅∞ (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝐵 .𝑡 ) (5) 𝐾𝐵 = 𝐸𝐸 (6)
2 𝑑𝑏 𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑐 𝑎

R = Recovery
KB = average flotation rate constant
H = height of flotation cell
Afr = gas flow rate
db = diameter of bubble
Vcell = volume of flotation cell
Ec = effeciencies of the bubble-particle collision
Ea = effeciencies of the bubble-particle attachment
 Recovery of cassiterite and calcite as a function of
flotation time in the presence of 5 mg/L of LN and
30 mg/L of SHA.
Residence time

(Gorain, 1998)
 Mass Balance

Overall tin balance by sizes

(Goodman, 1971)
Comparative recoveries of cassiterite in batch
flotation Overall performance in tin flotation circuit

(Goodman, 1971)
a. AFR = 0,96
b. AFR = 4,67
c. AFR = 9,01

(Bu, 2017)
Air flowrate

(Laplante, 1981)
Sparger

1. Microcel
is an external bubble sparger based on the shearing
effect
2. Flotaire
Air bubble are stirred from the tube surface as soon as they
appear, and are entrained as micro bubble suspended in water
3. Imox
Bubble appear in the decompression zone following by
acceleration and confluence zones into which the gas injected
(Gomez, Escudero, & Finch, 1994)
Air Flowrate VS bubble diameter
Air flow circuit
PG

PR = Pressure reduce I-2

P

PG = Pressure gauge
1,2 = Rotameters 2
1

E-2

Compressed air
10 bar
Flotation Tank Calculation for basis 20.000 ton/y cassiterite plant

Mass Balance in Flotation Tank

flotasi (80%) Feed Konsentrate tailing
SnO2 757.5231 606.0185 151.5046
LaPO4 7.6427 1.5285 6.1142
Fe2O3 72.4488 14.4898 57.9590
TiO2 323.0633 64.6127 258.4506
Fe2S 0.0196 0.0039 0.0157
WPO4 2.7984 0.5597 2.2387
Al2O3 27.4423 5.4885 21.9539
YPO4 1.3877 0.2775 1.1102
FeTiO4 389.0727 77.8145 311.2581
total 1581.3986 1581.3986

Calculation
Ore
Flowsheet and Mass Balance
activator
concentrate
SnO2 606.0185
LaPO4 1.528538
Froth Zone
Air Fe2O3 14.48976
TiO2 64.61265
Fe2S 0.003916
Conditioning Ore WPO4 0.559677
Flotation cell Al2O3 5.488464
SnO2 757.5231 YPO4 0.277542
LaPO4 7.642691 FeTiO4 77.81454
Fe2O3 72.44879 total 770.7936
TiO2 323.0633
Fe2S 0.019578
WPO4 2.798385
Al2O3 27.44232
YPO4 1.38771 tailing
FeTiO4 389.0727 SnO2 151.5046
total 1581.399 LaPO4 6.114153
Fe2O3 57.95903
TiO2 258.4506
Fe2S 0.015662
WPO4 2.238708
Al2O3 21.95385
YPO4 1.110168
FeTiO4 311.2581
total 810.605
 Flotation Tank Design
0.46 m

Froth Zone

Shell Thickness = 0.15 in

Material = Stainless Steel
0.17 m
Cone Angel = 30o

7 cm

Perhitungan Excel
References
• Booeree, C. R. (2014). Up-scaling of froth flotation equipment. The Netherlands.
• Brownell, L. E., & Young, E. H. (1959). Process Equipment Design. New York: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc.
• Bu, X., Xie, G., Peng, Y., Ge, L., & Ni, C. (2017). Kinetics of flotation. Order of process, rate constant
distribution and ultimate recovery. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 53(1), 342–
365. https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp170128
• Corby, G. A. (n.d.). Flotation Equipment and Process.
• Gorain, B. K., Franzidis, J. P., & Manlapig, E. V. (2000). Flotation Cell Design: Application of
Fundamental Principles. Encyclopedia of Separation Science, 1502–1512.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-226770-2/05781-1
• Gomez, c. o., Escudero, R., & Finch, J. A. (1994). CHARACTERIZATION OF RIGID SPARGER ND
SELECTION FOR FLOTATION COLUMNS. Mineral Processing, 8, 14–20.
• Laplante, A., Toguri, J., & Smith, H. (1983). The effect of air flow rate on the kinetics of flotation.
Part 2: the transfer of material from the froth over the lip cell. International Journal of Mineral
Processing, 11, 221–234.