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OLEH :
ROSELA ELMITA
1830912320076
PEMBIMBING :
CAUSATIVE AGENT
Caused by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
Anaerobic
Motile
Gram positive bacilli
Oval, colourless, terminal spores – tennis racket or drumstick shape.
It is found worldwide in soil, in inanimate environment, in animal
faeces & occasionally human faeces
Host Factors
Age : It is the disease of active age (5-40 years), New born baby,
female during delivery or abortion
Sex : Higher incidence in males than females
Occupation : Agricultural workers are at higher risk
Rural –Urban difference: Incidence of tetanus in urban areas is
much lower than in rural areas
Immunity : Herd immunity does not protect the individual
Environmental and social factors: Unhygienic custom
habits,Unhygienic delivery practices
ROUTE OF ENTRY
Apparently trivial injuries
Animal bites/human bites
Open fractures
Burns
Gangrene
In neonates usually via infected umbilical stumps
Abscess
Parenteral drug abuse
PATOFISIOLO
GI
PATOFISIOLOGI
Manifestasi klinis
Sequence of events
Klasifikasi
Pemeriksaan diagnostik
Pemeriksaan fisik
Pemeriksaan darah (kalsium dan fosfat)
Laboratorium: Biasanya terdapat leukositosis ringan dan kadang
kadang di dapat peningkatan cairan otak
Pemeriksaan Ecg dapat terlihat gambaran aritmia ventrikuler
Penatalaksanaan
1. Umum
Merawat dan membersihkan luka
Diet cukup
Perawatan Isolasi
Oksigen
Mengatur keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit
Obat-obatan
Anti toksin: Tetanus Imun Glubolin (TIG)
Pemberian Ats (ANTI TETANUS SERUM) 20.000 UI
Anti kejang (diazem, largaktil)
Pemberian terapi intravena bila indikasi
Pembedahan
Tetanus
Ringan < 9
Sedang 9 – 16 Skor Philips
Berat > 16
Cole-Spooner
I angka kematian tinggi
II
III
Komplikasi 24
Kombinasi
Kelelahan otot nafas
Aspirasi aspixia
Pneumonia
Gangguan cairan & elektrolit
Pencegahan 26
27
Tolok Ukur Nilai
Masa Inkubasi
• Kurang 48 jam 5
• 2 – 5 hari 4
• 6 – 10 3
• 11 – 14 hari 2
• lebih 14 hari 1
Lokasi infeksi
• Internal / umbilikal 5
• Leher, kepala, dinding tubuh 4
• Ekstremitas proksimal 3
• Ekstremitas distal 2
• Tidak diketahui 1
Imunisasi
• Tidak ada 10
• mungkin ada / ibu mendapat 8
• Lebih 10 tahun yang lalu 4
• kurang 10 tahun 2
• proteksi lengkap 0