QA/QC Department

I. Training Objectives
II. Terms & Definitions
III. Codes & Standards/Specifications
References
IV. Equipment/Materials
V. Procedure
VI. Documents and Records

QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Provide knowledge on method and good practice in
conducting Liquid Penetrant Examination for both
Quality Control Personnel and FOG Direct
Supervision.
Be able to know the basic application of Liquid
Penetrant Examination.
Be familiar with the term “Penetrant Material”
types.

Be able to know the basic documentation and

records required after application of LPE.

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QA/QC Department
The development and application of technical
methods to examine materials and/or components
in ways that do not impair future usefulness and
serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure,
interpret, and evaluate flaws.

A nondestructive test that uses suitable liquids that

penetrate discontinuities open to the surface of
solid materials.

QA/QC Department
One or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape,
orientation, location, or properties do not meet
specified acceptance criteria and are rejectable.

An intentional or unintentional interruption in the

physical structure or configuration of a material or
component.

An imperfection or discontinuity that may be

detectable by nondestructive testing and is not
necessarily rejectable
QA/QC Department
A departure of a quality characteristic from its
intended condition.

The determination of whether indications are

relevant, non relevant or false.

The response or evidence from a nondestructive

examination that requires interpretation to
determine relevance.

QA/QC Department
The action of entrapped liquid penetrant in
surfacing from discontinuities to form indication.

Any foreign substance present on the test surface

or in the inspection materials w/c will adversely
affect the performance of liquid penetrant
materials.

The difference in visibility (brightness or coloration)

between an indication and the background.

QA/QC Department
A material that is applied to the test surface to
accelerate bleedout and to enhance contrast of
indications.

The elapsed time between the application of the

developer and the examination of the part.

The total time that the penetrant or emulsifier is in

contact with the test surface.

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A liquid that interacts with an oily substance to
make it water-washable.

A solution or suspension of dye.

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The removal of surface contaminants from the test
part so that they will not interfere with the
examination process.

The removal of residual liquid penetrant

examination materials from the test part after the
penetrant examination has bee completed.

A volatile liquid penetrant used to remove excess

penetrant from the surface being examined.

QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
E 1208 - Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid
Penetrant Using the Lipophilic Post-
Emulsification Process
E 1209 - Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid
Penetrant Using the Water-Washable
Process
E 1210 - Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid
Penetrant Using the Hydrophilic Post-
Emulsification Process

QA/QC Department
E 1219 - Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid
Penetrant Using the Solvent -Removable
Process
E 1220 - Test Method for Visible Penetrant
Examination Using the Solvent-Removable
Process
E 1316 - Terminology for Nondestructive
Examination
E 1418 - Test Method for Visible Penetrant Using
the Water-Washable Process

QA/QC Department
Recommended practice SNT-TC-1A for
NonDestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and
Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 - Standard for Qualification and
Certification of NonDestructive
Testing Personnel

MIL-STD-410 – NonDestructive Testing Personnel

Qualification and Certification

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QA/QC Department
Consist of fluorescent and visible penetrants, emulsifiers
(oil-base and water-base; fast and slow acting), solvent
removes and developers.
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Are designed to be insoluble in water and cannot
be removed with water rinsing alone and can only
be removed by using a separate emulsifier.

Are designed so that excess surface penetrant can

be remove using suitable solvent by wiping until
most of the penetrant has been removed.

Are designed to be directly water washable from

the surface of the test part, after a suitable
penetrant dwell time.
QA/QC Department
Are oil-miscible liquids used to emulsify the excess
oily penetrant on the surface of the part, rendering
it water-washable.

Are water-miscible liquids used to emulsify the

excess oily penetrant on the surface of the part,
rendering it water-washable.

Are water-miscible liquids used to emulsify the

excess oily penetrant on the surface of the part,
rendering it water-washable.
QA/QC Department
Are normally supplied as dry powder particles to be
either suspended or dissolved in water.

Are supplied as suspensions of developer particles

in nonaqueous solvent carrier ready for use as
supplied.

Are solutions or colloidal suspensions of resins/

polymer in a suitable carrier.

QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
A liquid penetrant which may be a visible or a
fluorescent material is applied evenly over the
surface being examined and allowed to enter open
discontinuities. After a suitable dwell time, the
excess surface penetrant is removed. A developer
is applied to draw the entrapped penetrant out of
the discontinuity and stain the developer. The test
surface is then examined to determine the
presence or absence of indications.

QA/QC Department
Type I – Fluorescent Type II – Visible
Penetrant Examination Penetrant Examination
Water-Washable Water-Washable
Post-Emulsifiable, Solvent Removable
Lipophilic
Solvent Removable
Post-Emulsifiable,
Hydrophilic

QA/QC Department
Fluorescent Penetrant Examination
Utilizes penetrants that fluoresce brilliantly when
excited by black light.
Visible Penetrant Examination
Uses a penetrant that can be seen in visible light.
The penetrant is usually red, so that the indications
produces a definite contrast with the white back-
ground of the developer. The visible penetrant
does not require the use of black light.

QA/QC Department
 APPLY WATER-
SOLVENT WASHABLE PENETRANT WATER WASH/
WASH/DETERGENT DRY SPRAY/RINSE
PENETRANT DWELL
PRECLEAN DRY FINAL
APPLICATION TIME RINSE

SOLVENT SOAK/
AQUEOUS DRY
ULTRASONIC CLEAN
FLUORESCENT/VISIBLE DEVELOPER
POST DRY
EXAMINE DEVELOP
CLEAN DEVELOP
DRY
DRY/NONAQUEOUS
DRY DEVELOPER

QA/QC Department
 APPLY SOLVENT-
SOLVENT REMOVABLE PENETRANT
WASH/DETERGENT DRY
PENETRANT DWELL
PRECLEAN DRY
APPLICATION TIME

SOLVENT SOAK/ NONAQUEOUS

ULTRASONIC CLEAN FLUORESCENT/ WET/LIQUID FILM
DRY
VISIBLE DEVELOPER
REMOVE
POST EXAMINE DEVELOP DRY EXCESS
CLEAN
PENETRANT
SOLVENT WIPE-OFF

QA/QC Department
 Material Form Type of Dwell
Discontinuity Time (min)
Penetrant Developer

Aluminum, magnesium, Castings and Cold shuts, porosity, 5 10

steel, brass and bronze, welds Lack of fusion, cracks
titanium & high-temp (all forms)
alloys Wrought materials- Laps, cracks 10 10
extrusions, forgings, (all forms)
plate
Carbide-tipped tools Lack of fusion, cracks, 5 10
porosity
Plastics All forms Cracks 5 10
Glass All forms Cracks 5 10
Ceramic All forms Cracks, Porosity 5 10
QA/QC Department
Fluorescent Penetrant
50 deg. F to 100 deg. F (10 to 38 deg. C)
Visible Penetrant
50 deg. F to 125 deg. F (10 to 52 deg. C)

QA/QC Department
Lower cost of testing
Limited training is required for the operator
Fast process

Limited on surface detection

Does not work on rough surfaces
Dye particle will stain the work piece
Proper cleaning is required to assure surface
contaminants have been removed

QA/QC Department
ASME B31.1 Latest Edition (Table 136.4.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Surface Cracks All
Surface Undercut >1/32” (1.0 mm) deep
Porosity Rounded indications > 3/16 in. (5.0 mm)
Four or more rounded indications in a line
separated by 1/16 in.(2.0 mm) or less edge to
edge
Ten or more rounded indications in any 6 in.²
(3,870 mm²) of surface with the major
dimension of this area not to exceed 6 in.
(150 mm) with the area taken in the most
unfavorable location relative to the
indications being evaluated
Lack of Fusion (Surface) When they are open to the surface

QA/QC Department
ASME B31.1 Latest Edition (Table 136.4.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Slag When they are open to the surface
Incomplete Penetration When they are open to the surface and
applies only when the inside surface is readily
accessible

QA/QC Department
ASME B31.3 Latest Edition (Table 341.3.2)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Crack All

QA/QC Department
ASME Section VIII-Division I Latest Edition
(Par. 8-3 and 8-4)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Linear Indications All
Rounded Indications > 3/16 in. (5 mm)
Four or more rounded indications in a line
separated by 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) or less (edge to
edge).

QA/QC Department
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Latest Edition (Table 6.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS ACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Crack Any crack shall be unacceptable, regardless
of size or location
Undercut For material less than 1 in. (25 mm) thick,
undercut shall not exceed 1/32 in. (1 mm), with
the following exception: undercut shall not
exceed 1/16 in. (2 mm) for any accumulated
length up to 2 in. (50 mm) in any 12 in. (300
mm). For material equal to or grater than 1 in.
thick, undercut shall not exceed1/16 in. (2
mm) for any length of weld.
In primary members, undercut shall be no
more than 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) deep when the
weld is transverse to tensile stress under any
design loading condition. Undercut shall be no
more than 1/32 in. (1 mm) deep for all other
cases.

QA/QC Department
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Latest Edition (Table 6.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS ACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Crater Cross Section All craters shall be filled to provide the
specified weld size, except for the ends of
intermittent fillet welds outside of their
effective length.
Weld/Base-Metal Fusion Thorough fusion shall exist between adjacent
layers of the weld metal and between weld
metal and base metal.
Porosity CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to
the direction of computed tensile stress shall
have no visible piping porosity. For all other
groove welds and for fillet welds, the sum of
the visible piping porosity 1/32 in. (1 mm) or
greater in diameter shall not exceed 3/8 in. (10
mm) In any linear inch of weld and shall not
exceed ¾ in. (20 mm) in any 12 in. (300 mm)
length of weld.

QA/QC Department
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Latest Edition (Table 6.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS ACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
The frequency of piping porosity in fillet welds
shall not exceed one in each 4 in. (100 mm) of
weld length and the maximum diameter shall
not exceed 3/32 in. (2.5 mm). Exception: for
fillet welds connecting stiffeners to web, the
sum of the diameters of piping porosity shall
not exceed 3/8 in. (10 mm) in any linear inch
of weld and shall not exceed ¾ in. (20 mm) in
any 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld.
CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to
the direction of computed tensile stress shall
have no piping porosity. For all other groove
welds, the frequency of piping porosity shall
not exceed one in 4 in. (100 mm) of length
and the maximum diameter shall not exceed
3/32 in. (2.5 mm).

QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Reference Code(s)
Types and Methods used
Classification of Penetration
Specify Line Number/Isometric
Type of Materials and Form
Dwell Time
Type of Indication
Accepted or Rejected
Personnel Qualification

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QUALITY IS A LINE FUNCTION DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department