Terms, Definitions, and Notes

Empathy
 The action of understanding, being aware of, being
sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings,
thoughts, and experience of another

 You are able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes

and attempt to feel what they feel or have felt in a
certain situation.
Theme
 3 parts:
 1. The main idea (could also be a minor
idea) of a literary work
 2. The fundamental and often universal
ideas explored in a literary work.

 In L.O.T.F., there are several themes

Themes in L.O.T.F
 1. Civilization vs. Savagery
 The central concern of L.O.T.F. is the conflict between
two competing impulses that exist within all
human beings: the instinct to live by rules, act
peacefully, follow moral commands, and value the good
of the group against the instinct to gratify one’s
immediate desires, act violently to obtain supremacy
over others, and enforce one’s will.

 civilization vs. savagery, order vs. chaos, reason vs. impulse,

law vs. anarchy, good vs. evil
Themes in L.O.T.F
 Loss of Innocence
 The boys on the island go from innocent, well-behaved,
orderly children to bloodthirsty hunters who have no
desire to return to civilization.

 Golding does not portray this loss of innocence as

something that is done to the boys, but rather , it results
naturally from their increasing openness to the innate
evil and savagery that has always existed within them.
Symbolism
 Symbolism is the representation of one thing for
another using a person, object, or idea.
 Just about anything can be a symbol. However, some
symbols are commonly understood.

 Symbolism Examples:
 a heart is a symbol for love
 a dove is a symbol for peace
 a white cross inside a red square is a symbol for first-aid
or hospital
 Everyday example of symbolism: The Statue of
Liberty is a symbol for freedom. The object itself does
not mean freedom. However, over time, people have
grown to associate this figure to mean freedom.
Therefore, an image of this object could conjure
images or ideas of freedom.

 Can you think of a symbol that you see in your every

day lives?
Symbols in L.O.T.F.
 The Conch Shell = civilization and order

 Piggy and Ralph discover the shell on the beach and use it to summon
the boys together after the crash

 Governs the boys’ meetings; whomever has the shell holds the right to
speak

 Vessel of political legitimacy & democratic power

 As the island civilization erodes and the boys descend into savagery, the
conch shell loses its power and influence among them.

 The boulder that rolls onto Piggy also crushes the conch shell,
signifying the demise of the civilized instinct among the boys
Symbols in L.O.T.F.
 Piggys’ Glasses= Power of science & intellectual
efforts in society

 Piggy is the most intelligent and rational boy in the group

 The boys use the lenses from Piggy’s glasses to focus the sunlight
and start a fire.

 When Jack’s hunters raid the camp and steal the glasses, the savages
take the power to make fire, leaving Ralph’s group helpless.
Symbols in L.O.T.F.
 The Signal Fire= a barometer of the boys’ connection to
civilization
 The fire is used to on the mountain, and then later on the beach, to attract
passing ships that might be able to rescue them.

 The fact that the boys maintain the fire is a sign that they want to be rescued
and return to society

 When the fire burns low or goes out, we realize the boys have lost sight of their
desire to be rescued and have accepted their savage lives on the island

 The fire thus functions as a kind of measurement of the strength of the civilized
instinct remaining on the island.

 Ironically at the end, a fire attracts a ship to the island, but not the signal fire-
instead it is the fire of savagery (the fire started by Jack an his gang as part of his
quest to hunt and kill Ralph.
Symbols in L.O.T.F.
 The Beast = the primal instinct of savagery that exists within
all human beings (the savage within all of us)

 Only Simon reaches the realization that they fear the beast because
it exists within each of them

 As the boys grow more savage, their belief in the beast grows
stronger

 By the end of the novel, the boys are leaving it sacrifices and
treating it as a totemic god.

 The boys’ behavior is what brings the beast into existence, so the
more savagely the boys act, the more real the beast seems to
become.
Symbols in L.O.T.F.
 Lord of the Flies = Lord of the Flies becomes both a physical
manifestation of the beast, a symbol of the power of evil, and a
kind of Satan figure who evokes the beast within each human
being

 The Lord of the Flies is the bloody, severed sow’s head that Jack
impales on a stake in the forest glade as an offering to the beast.

 This complicated symbol becomes the most important image in the

novel when Simon confronts the sow’s head in the glade and it
seems to speak to him, telling him that evil lies within every human
heart and promising to have some “fun” with him. (This “fun”
foreshadows Simon’s death in the following chapter.)
Lord of the Flies –Symbol con’t.
 Looking at the novel in the context of biblical
parallels, the Lord of the Flies recalls the devil, just as
Simon recalls Jesus.

 In fact, the name “Lord of the Flies” is a literal

translation of the name of the biblical name
Beelzebub, a powerful demon in hell sometimes
thought to be the devil himself.
Allegory
 An allegory is a complete narrative (story) which
involves characters, and events that stand for an
abstract idea or an event

 Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel, and many of its

characters signify important ideas or themes.
Allegory & L.O.T.F.
 Ralph represents order, leadership, and civilization.
 Piggy represents the scientific and intellectual aspects
of civilization.
 Jack represents unbridled savagery and the desire for
power.
 Simon represents natural human goodness.
 Roger represents brutality and bloodlust at their most
extreme.
Allegory & L.O.T.F.
 To the extent that the boys’ society resembles a
political state, the littluns might be seen as the
common people, while the older boys represent
the ruling classes and political leaders.
What to study for your exam
 1. Know the characters in the novel and be able to
describe them
 2. Know the storyline and be able to put major events
in order in which they occur in the novel
 3. Be able to discuss and explain the two major themes
in the novel: Civilization vs. Savagery , Loss of
Innocence
 4. Be able to discuss and explain the symbols in the
novel and how they connect to the storyline
 5. Be able to define and discuss allegory and in what
way(s) the novel serves an allegory
Helpful links to refer to when
studying for the exam
 http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/flies/

 https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/l/lord-of-the-
flies/lord-of-the-flies-at-a-glance

 https://www.shmoop.com/lord-of-the-flies/