STEAM TURBINE OPERATION

By : Ahmad Bilal Zakir

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 Contents
A. Basics
B. Working principle of steam turbines
C. Steam turbine classification
1 ) Blade basis
2 ) Constructional basis
D. 1 ) Auxiliary circuits
2 ) List of alarms
3 ) Monitoring
E. Factors affecting turbine performance / case study
F. Efficiency of steam turbine
G. Trouble shooting
H. Start up / shut down
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 A ) Basics
• Objective of this section :
To go thru definitions of
– Temperature
– Boiling point
– Types of steam
– Heat
– Sensible heat / latent heat
– Specific heat
– Enthalpy
– Entropy

3
 Temperature
Temperature of a body is a measure of its
thermal state considered in reference to its
power to transfer heat.
Units used to measure temperature are :
• Fahrenheit oC
• Celsuis oF

• Kelvin oK

• Rankine oR

4
 Boiling point
• Any substance has infinite number of boiling
points, but by custom we say that NORMAL
BOILING POINT is temperature at which
boiling takes place under a pressure of 1 atm (
101.3 KPa or 760 mm Hg )

5
 Types of steam
• Saturated steam:
Means vapor and liquid in equilibrium with
each other , consider steam at 100oC at 1 atm
.
• Super heated steam :
If above steam is heated to beyond 100oC it
will be called super heated e.g to 110oC , then
degree of super heat will be 10oC.

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• Superheat cannot be imparted to the steam
while it is still in the presence of water, as any
additional heat simply evaporates more water.
The saturated steam must be passed through
an additional heat exchanger. This may be a
second heat exchange stage in the boiler, or a
separate superheated unit. The primary
heating medium may be either the hot flue gas
from the boiler, or may be separately fired.

7
 Heat
• Heat is a form of work. Steam is produced by
applying heat to water.
• Unit of heat is KCal i.e quantity of heat
required to raise I kg of H2O by 01 oC .
• The heat applied is eventually transformed in
mechanical work in turbine . The more heat
applied the more work steam can do.

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 Specific Heat
• If same quantity of heat is added to various
substances of same mass the final temperature
will be different in each case.
• Specific heat is the heat required to raise
temperature of 01 kg of a particular substance
thru 01oC.

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 Sensible and latent Heats
• Sensible heat is the enthalpy difference between
some reference temperature and the temperature of
the material under consideration, or in simple words
heating of H2O from
0 →100oC heat thus contained in H2O is sensible
heat.

• Latent heat is the energy required to change the

phase, e.g Ice at 0oC can absorb 334 J / g without
undergoing a temperature rise , similarly liquid water
at 1 atm can absorb 2256 J/g before changing its
phase.
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 Enthalpy / Entropy
• Enthalpy:
It is the sum of internal energy and pressure volume
product
H = u + pV
• Entropy :
• Is a function of quantity of heat which shows
conversion of that heat into work .
Entropy may also be defined as the thermal property
of a substance which remains constant when
substance is expanded or compressed adiabatically.

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 Steam tables or Mollier chart

• The Mollier Chart is a graphic representation of some of the

data found in the Steam Table

• Use of Mollier Chart. Superheated steam at 10 Bar and

500°C is expanded at constant entropy to 5 Bar. What is
the change in enthalpy?
• Solution: Use the Mollier Chart. Locate point 1 at the
intersection of the 10 Bar and the 500°C line. Read h = 3475
KJ/kg.
Follow the entropy line downward vertically to the 15
Bar line and read h = 3200 KJ/kg. .Δ h = 275 KJ/kg.
12
Mollier chart

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 B ) Working
principle of
steam turbine
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B ) Working principle of steam turbine
• Objective of this section will be to :
Understand
• How do steam turbines work ?

• Why super heated steam is utilized in steam

turbines?

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 Working principle of steam turbine
• To grasp how a steam turbine works, we must understand the following
things:
• Working fluid :
– Steam at high temperature and pressure contains potential energy.
– Water is converted into steam by the application of heat. The heating
of water at any given pressure eventually causes it to boil, thereby
producing steam. The amount of heat required to bring water from
32°F (the base point for all water and steam properties) to the boiling
point is the enthalpy of the liquid. In simple term, enthalpy is the
measure of potential energy into fluid.
– When water boils, both it and steam are at the same temperature the
saturation temperature. For each boiling pressure there is only one
saturation temperature and vice versa. 1

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• Saturation steam contains water droplets which cause friction
losses and erosion. To dry saturated steam more heat must be
added to raise its temperature, called superheating.
• The enthalpy / potential energy of the superheated steam increases
by the amount of heat added.
• The potential energy of working fluid is converted into mechanical
work through expansion in a nozzle and/or reaction with a blade.
• When steam expands or drop in pressure, through a small opening
or nozzle, it accelerates and forms a high speed jet. Harnessing
this momentum in a rotating blade provides mechanical work.
Velocity of steam after expansion can be calculated by Zeuner eq.
C= 44.7 ( H )1/2 where H being heat drop.
• The mechanical work of many sets of blades attached to a shaft
produces rotational power.
• 2

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 Why we use super heated steam
• Superheated steam has its
applications in, for example,
turbines where the steam is
directed by nozzles onto a
rotor. This causes the rotor to
turn. The energy to make this
happen can only have come
from the steam, so logically
the steam has less energy
after it has gone through the
turbine rotor. If the steam was
at saturation temperature, this
loss of energy would cause
some of the steam to
condense.

• 1
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•
Turbines have a number of stages; the exhaust steam from
the first rotor will be directed to a second rotor on the same
shaft. This means that saturated steam would get wetter and
wetter as it went through the successive stages. Not only
would this promote water hammer, but the water particles
would cause severe erosion within the turbine. The solution is
to supply the turbine with superheated steam at the inlet, and
use the energy in the superheated portion to drive the rotor
until the temperature/pressure conditions are close to
saturation; and then exhaust the steam.

• 2

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C ) Classification of turbine
Blade basis
Constructional basis

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 Classification of turbine
blade basis
• Objective of this section will be to :
• Develop an understanding of Impulse and
reaction type of turbines

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 Principle of operation
• Revolving part of steam turbine is called Rotor.
• Rotor consist of shaft upon which blades are attached.
• Steam passes thru these blades and does work thus causing rotor to
revolve.
• Conversion of this potential energy of steam into useful energy is effected
in two stages.
– Firstly pressure energy is converted into Kinetic energy as the steam expands
thru the nozzles resulting in pressure drop and rise of velocity.
– Secondly K.E of the jet is converted into useful work by changing the directional
momentum of the steam by blades.
• Thus it is clear the two most important parts of steam turbine are :
– Nozzles
– Blades
1)

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• Fundamentally two process by which energy
in steam can be converted into rotary motion
is divided as follows :
– Impulse
– Reaction

–2

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 Basic Impulse principle
• The toy pinwheel can be used to
study some of the basic principles of turbines.
When you blow on the rim of the wheel,
it spins rapidly. The harder you blow, the
faster it turns. The steam turbine operates
on the same principle, except it uses the
kinetic energy from the steam as it leaves a steam nozzle rather than
air and mouth acting as nozzle. 3

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 Basic reaction principle

• Reaction turbine is built on principle of

Newton’s third law of motion, which
states:
“For every action there must be
an
equal and opposite reaction.”
• If you set an electric fan on a roller skate,
the roller skate will take off across the
room The fan pushes the air forward
and sets up a breeze (velocity). The air
is also pushing backward
on the fan with an equal force, but in
an opposite direction.
4
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• Impulse turbine increases the velocity of steam and
transforms that potential energy under pressure into
kinetic energy in a steam jet through nozzles.

• And asperNewton’s third law of motion, the

steam jet exerts a force on the nozzle and an equal
reactive force on the turbine blades in the opposite
direction. THIS IS THE FORCE THAT DRIVES
THE TURBINE

• 5

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 Impulse turbine
• As already discussed :
• If Steam is passed thru a stationary
nozzle , its pressure will decrease
while velocity will increase, and if
this high velocity jet is applied on a
properly shaped turbine blade , it
will change in direction due to shape
of blade.
• The effect of this change of direction
will produce a impulse force (
marked f in fig. )
• 6

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 Impulse turbine
• In actual impulse turbine
there are no. of stationary
nozzles and moving blades
are arranged completely
around the periphery. The
steam pressure is reduced
in stationary nozzles which
also serve to increase
velocity.
• This is also called Laval
turbine.
• 7

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• In this impulse all the pressure drop
takes place in one set of nozzles and
fall from boiler to exhaust press.
• Disadvantage of such machine :
– Steam velocities leaving the nozzle
will be very high.
– It is recommended that for best
operation of impulse turbine ,blade
velocity or peripheral velocity should
be half of steam velocity
– Thus in above case due to high
steam velocity blade velocity will be
very high also.
– If rotor dia is small then RPM of
rotor will also be very high
– These types of machines are in
efficient and may result in wear and
tear due to high RPM.
– 8
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 Impulse
Peripheral velocity turbine
& rotational speed of rotor

• Peripheral vel means the distance in meter covered by a point on the periphery of
the rotor within a given time
( m/sec).
Consider a point A on the rotor.
• Assume rotor dia = 1m
• Rev / min = 120.
• Circumference of rotor = π d.
If rotor has traveled 01 rev pt.A has traveled π χ 1 = 3.14m.
If rotor travels 120 rev/ min the distance traveled by pt.A is
120 χ 3.14 = 376.8 m / min or /60 = 6.28 m/sec.
Therefore Peripheral vel = π d n / 60.
In laval impulse turbine this velocity should be one half of the steam . It has been
practically observed that most efficient energy conversion takes place at this value.

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• In order to reduce RPM of the rotor , losses
and improve effeciency impulse turbine is
divided in two main categories.

• Pressure compounded or Ratue impulse

turbine.

• Velocity compounded or Curtis impulse

turbine.

• 9
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Pressure Compounded
Impulse Turbine 10

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Pressure Compounded or Rateau
Impulse Turbine
• Salient features :
• Expansion of steam takes place in no.
Of simple impulse machines in series
on same shaft , where exhaust of one
enters nozzle of next , whole pressure
drop from boiler to condenser is carried
out in no of stages , each stage having
nozzles and row of moving blades.
• The whole pressure drop happens in
passing thru nozzles , there is no
change in press thru blades

• 11

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Velocity compound or Curtis Impulse
Turbine 12

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• Salient features :
• This machine consist of one set of
nozzles as in simple impulse machine
, but in this case steam velocity is
transformed in K.E in two or three
rows of moving blades.
• Rows of fixed or guide blades are
attached to the casing and set
between the moving blades to
redirect the steam to the next moving
blade at the required angle.
• This diagram shows two rows of
moving blade with one row of fixed in
the casing. The fixed blades are set
in a reverse manner to the moving
blades in order to redierct the steam.
• As the velocity reduces the passage
of blades must increase.

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Advantages / disadvantages of press /
vel compounded turbines
• Pressure compounded turbines result in leakages
past the diaphragms because of large pressure drop.
• Velocity compounded turbines expands the steam in
one set of nozzles only and consequently have
excessive steam speeds.
• In order to over come these problems a combination
of these two principles in the form of pressure
velocity compounded turbine results.

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 Pressure Velocity Compounded or
Zoelly Impulse Turbine
• Salient features :
• This consist of two or more
velocity compounded turbines
on the same shaft
• In this fig two set of nozzles
where press drop occurs and
the resulting velocity increase in
each case is absorbed by two
rows of moving blades having a
row of stationary blade between
them.

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 Basic reaction principle
• Reaction turbine is built on principle of
Newton’s third law of motion, which
states:
“For every action there must be an
equal and opposite reaction.”
• If you set an electric fan on a roller skate,
the roller skate will take off across the room
The fan pushes the air forward and
sets up a breeze (velocity). The air is also
pushing backward
on the fan with an equal force, but in
an opposite direction.

38
 General description Reaction turbine
• Reaction turbine has a row of
fixed blades alternating with rows
of moving blades.
• Steam expands first in stationary
or fixed blades where it gains
some velocity as it drops in
pressure.
Blades are of converging shape.

• It then enters moving blades

where its direction of flow is
changed thus producing impulse
force.
• In addition to this the steam upon
passing thru these moving blades
again expands and drops in
pressure further giving a reaction
force to blades.
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Comparison btw Impulse and Reaction
Turbines

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• In the case of reaction turbines , it is not
necessary to make special blade
arrangements to reduce rotor speed because
the pressure drops across each row of moving
blades as well as across each row of fixed
blades . This however requires large no of
fixed and moving blades thus making a large
machine. Therefore to reduce no of blades
,reaction turbines frequently have a velocity
compounded impulse stage at the inlet of
machine.

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 Reaction Turbine With
Velocity Compounded Impulse Stage

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Classification of
Steam turbines can be broadly classified
following categories :
Constructional basis :
• Compound turbines
• Extraction turbines
• Automatic extraction
steam turbines
into
Initial pressure basis :
• HP and LP turbines
• Mixed pressure turbine
Exhaust or backpressure:
Condensing
• Back pressure

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 Description
constructional basis
• Compound : • Automatic extraction
Steam after being expanded in turbine:
one cylinder passes into next Sometimes the process
cylinder where the expansion is requirements need steam at two
completed and remaining energy or more pressures , in such case
extracted from it. double or triple extraction design
• Extraction : of turbine may be used, such
turbines have special governors
The system may involve a non
and control valves.
condensing turbine designed to
exhaust all of its steam to the
process at the required pressure
or it may involve a extraction
turbine in which only a part of
total steam is used for process
and the rest rejected to condenser 44
.
 Description
initial pressure basis
• HP / LP turbine:
When high pressure steam is
only used the unit is called HP
turbine, some turbines are
designed to operate with low
pressure steam rejected from
other units , in these turbines
steam at atmos press or
slightly above is expanded
right to the condenser
pressure such units are called
LP turbines or exhaust
turbines.
• Mixed pressure turbines :
In some cases LP turbine is
used to drive a electrical
generator and has to supply a
power demand , there might
be times when power demand
exceeds the supply of LP
steam . Provision is made in
these cases for supply of live
steam to the HP stages of the
turbine, such machines are
called Mixed pressure
turbines.
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 Description
exhaust or back pressure basis
• Non condensing :
When the steam exhaust is
discharged into atmosphere or
into one or more other turbine
casings and finally to
atmosphere the turbine is said
to be Non -condensing.
• Back pressure :
When the turbine exhaust is used
for process steam turbine is
called Back pressure.
Condensing turbine :
When turbine operates in
conjunction with a condenser
whereby exhaust pressure is
reduced to a point far below
than atmospheric , the unit is
termed as condensing
turbine.
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Steam turbine model structure

47
48
Condensing turbine cross section

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Condensing turbine rotor blading

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Extraction and condensing turbine

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Condensing and back pressure

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Extraction and induction

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 D)
• Auxiliary circuits of steam turbine
• List of alarms
• Routine monitoring

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 Auxiliary circuits of extraction and
condensing turbine
Turbine consist of following circuits :

1.Lube oil circuit

2. Steam and condensate circuit

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56
 Lube oil circuit consist of

 Oil console

 Lube oil pumps ( Qty = 2 )

 Lube oil cooler ( Qty = 2 )

 Lube oil filters ( Qty = 2 )

 Run down tank

 Barring device

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 Description

• The lube is supplied to the turbine which is common to the

compressor .
• Oil that reaches the turbine is meant to assure the bearing
efficiency , lubricating them , and to circulate in the hydraulic
mechanism required for the turbine control and safety .
• This oil must always be under pressure , moreover two
pressure levels shall be considered one related to control oil
pressure and the other which is lower related to bearing
pressure.

58
 Oil service
• Control oil
• Lube oil to journal bearings
• Lube oil to thrust bearings
• Once these pressures are reached they do not vary noticeably as
long as the turbine speed remains constant . Slight variation in
pressure can be due to temperature changes.
• Oil temperature at the bearing inlet is same as that at cooler outlet
and should be kept around 50oC , however it is advisable to keep it
at 40oC at the turbine pre heating stage , however not soon after the
turbine has been stopped or it has tripped because then it will lead
to distortion of bearings.

59
 Steam and condensate circuit
 Emergency stop valves
 Surface condenser
 Ejector or over head condenser
 Set of small ejectors
 Hogger ejector
 Turbine condensate pumps
 Level and recycle flow control valves
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 Sealing steam circuit
• Chambers 1 , front and rear
are connected to the main
condenser and low pressure
steam supply.
• The automatic valves A and
B keep the pressure just
above atmospheric level ,
thus minimizing steam flow
to atmosphere from chamber
2.
• A steam gland condenser is
not required , when applied it
is connected to chamber 2.
61
Steam and condensate circuit

62
 Description
•Live steam flows thru the emergency stop valve body V1 and after
expansion in the high and low pressure turbine section 1 discharge into
water condenser ( 2 ) .
•The extraction steam flow is controlled by V2 .
•A set of ejectors ( 3 ) builds up and maintains a max vacuum in
condenser in order to increase the heat drop to be used in turbine.
•The condensate water is drawn out of condenser by means of two
condensate pumps ( 4 ) .
•These extraction pumps send the condensate water to an ejector
condenser ( 5 ) where the vapors send from the condenser ( 2 ) are
condensed and returned to condenser ( 2 ) while the non condensable are
vented to atmosphere.
• Level of surface condenser is maintained by LV , while the necessary
flow across pump to avoid cavitation is maintained by FV. 63
 LIST OF ALARMS
LIST OF ALARMS

64
 MONITORING
• Steam purity • Lube oil pressure

• Variation in steam • Filter Δ p

temperature
• Oil analysis • Condenser vacuum

• Vibrations • Turbine efficiency

• Bearing temperatures • Area and control room

check lists
65
E ) Factors affecting
turbine performance

66
Condensing turbine

67
Factors affecting turbine performance

• Steam inlet pressure

• Steam inlet temperature
• Exhaust pressure / vacuum
• Steam purity and deposition

68
Comparison between condensing and
Back pressure turbine
Condensing type Back pressure

Steam inlet 40 kg / cm2 40 kg / cm2

pressure
Steam inlet 350oC 350oC
temperature
Exhaust vacuum 657 mm Hg 4.5 kg / cm2

Turbine rated BHP 10,000 10,000

Steam consumption 27,785 kg / hr 57,960 kg/ hr

69
 Steam inlet pressure
• All turbines are designed for specific steam inlet
pressure.
• Lowering inlet steam pressure reduces turbine
efficiency and increases steam consumption and
vice versa.
• Figures ahead will show affect of steam inlet
pressure on steam consumption and turbine
efficiency.

70
 Effect of steam inlet pressure
• Condensing turbine :
• Keeping all other factors constant it can be
seen by increase of 1 kg/cm2 inlet pressure
reduces steam consumption by 0.3 % and
improve turbine efficiency by 0.1%.

71
Effect of I/l press on condensing
turbine

72
 Effect of steam inlet pressure
• Back pressure :
• Keeping all other factors constant it can be
seen by increase of 1 kg/cm2 inlet pressure
reduces steam consumption by 0.7 % and
improve turbine efficiency by 0.16%.

73
Effect of I/l press on back pressure
turbines

74
 Improvement is > in
back pressure turbines
than in condensing
turbines
75
 Effect of steam inlet temperature
• Steam enthalpy is a function of temperature and pressure.
• At lower temperature, enthalpy, work done by the turbine and
turbine efficiency will be low. Hence, steam consumption for
the required output will be higher.
• In other words, at higher steam inlet temperature, heat
extraction by the turbine will be higher and, hence, for the
required output, steam consumption will reduce.
• Figs. ahead represent the effects of steam inlet temperature
on steam consumption and turbine efficiency, respectively,
keeping all other factors constant for the condensing-type
turbine.

76
 Effect of steam inlet temperature

• Condensing turbine :
Figs. indicate that an increase in steam inlet
temperature by 10°C in a condensing-type
turbine reduces turbine steam consumption by
about 1.1% and improves turbine efficiency by
about 0.12%, respectively.

77
Effect of steam inlet temperature
on condensing

78
 Effect of steam inlet temperature
• Back pressure turbine
For a back-pressure-type turbine, an increase
in steam inlet temperature by 10°C reduces
turbine steam consumption by about 1.5% and
improves turbine efficiency by about 0.12% as
shown in fig.
Improvement is greater for the back-pressure-
type turbine than for the condensing-type
turbine.
79
Effect of steam inlet temperature
on back pressure

80
 Improvement is > in
back pressure turbines
than in condensing
turbines
81
 Effect of Exhaust Pressure/Vacuum
• Higher exhaust pressure and lower vacuum increase
turbine steam consumption,
• keeping all other operating parameters constant. An
exhaust pressure lower than specified will reduce
steam consumption and improve turbine efficiency.
• Similarly, an exhaust vacuum lower than specified
will lower turbine efficiency and increase steam
consumption.

82
 Effect of Exhaust Pressure/Vacuum
• Condensing turbine
Figs. represent the effects of exhaust vacuum on
steam consumption and turbine efficiency,
respectively, keeping all other factors constant for
the condensing-type turbine. Figs. indicate that
improvement in exhaust vacuum by 10 mm Hg
reduces turbine steam consumption by about 1.1%.
Improvement in turbine efficiency varies significantly
from 0.24% to 0.4% .

83
Effect of Exhaust Pressure/Vacuum
in condensing

84
 Effect of Exhaust Pressure/Vacuum
• Back pressure turbine
For a back-pressure-type turbine, reduction in
exhaust pressure by 1.0 Kg/cm2, reduces turbine
steam consumption by about 0.8% and improves
turbine efficiency by about 0.14%

85
Effect of Exhaust Pressure/Vacuum
in condensing

86
 Effect of steam purity
• Steam Purity and Turbine Deposition
• The deposits which occur in a turbine due to impure steam, can lead to
thermodynamic and mechanical inefficiencies and, in the presence of
chlorides, also to blade breakage.
• The corrosion stressing caused by active deposits is worst when the
steam is slightly saturated and adversely affects the fatigue strength of the
blade material.
•
As the superheated steam leaves the superheater of boiler and is passed
on to the turbine, it contains some salts in crystalline form such as salt
dust, salt melts in the form of droplets in addition to a small quantity of
salts dissolved in the steam.

87
 Effect of steam purity
• This mixture of salts and steam enters the turbine and its
velocity with which it passes through the individual turbine
stages is raised to several hundred meters per second in the
nozzles, depending on the steam pressure and on the type of
turbine.
• Owing to their adhesive forces (stickiness), the salt melts
suspended in the form of very fine droplets in the steam
stream are deposited in the individual stages.
• Turbine deposits can accumulate in a very short time when
steam purity is poor. Carryover of boiler water, resulting from
inadequate steam-water separation equipment in the boiler,
caused turbine deposit problem.

88
 Effect of steam deposits on turbine
• Although several factors influence the formation of deposits
on turbine components, the general effect is the same no
matter what the cause.
• Adherent deposits form in the steam passage, distorting the
original shape of turbine nozzles and blades. These deposits,
often rough or uneven at the surface, increase resistance to
the flow of steam.
• Distortion of steam passages alters steam velocities and
pressure drops, reducing the capacity and efficiency of the
turbine.
• Where conditions are severe, deposits can cause excessive
rotor thrust. Uneven deposition can unbalance the turbine
rotor, causing vibration problem

89
f ) Steam turbine efficiency

90
 Turbine efficiency
• Rankine cycle
• Rankine cycle is a heat engine with
vapor power cycle. The common
working fluid is water. The cycle
consists of four processes:
• 1 to 2: Isentropic expansion
(Steam turbine)
• 2 to 3: Isobaric heat rejection
(Condenser)
• 3 to 4: Isentropic compression
(Pump)
• 4 to 1: Isobaric heat supply
(Boiler)

91
 Entropy
• Is a function of quantity of heat which shows conversion of
that heat into work .
• Increase in entropy is small when heat is added at high
temperature and is greater when addition is made at low
temperature.
• Thus for maximum entropy there is minimum availability for
conversion into work and for minimum entropy there is
maximum availability for conversion into work.
• Entropy may also be defined as the thermal property of a
substance which remains constant when substance is
expanded or compressed adiabatically.

92
 First law of thermodynamics
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed ,
energy may pass from one kind to another.
• Or Heat can be converted into mechanical
work.
• Therefore it may be written :
( amount of heat )Q = W( amount of work )

93
 Second law of thermodynamics
• Heat by itself cannot flow from a colder body to hot body
• Consider a high temperature reservoir at T1 and low
temperature reservoir at T2.
• In situation ( a ) Q1heat units are transferred from a low
temperature reservoir to a high temp reservoir .
• In situation (b) Q2 heat units are transferred from high temp
reservoir to a heat engine, Q1 units rejected to heat sink.
As W=Q so W = Q2-Q1
Now if we combine both situations the net heat absorbed from
low temp reservoir is zero while from high temp reservoir is
Q2-Q1

94
 Turbine efficiency
• Work output of the cycle
(Steam turbine),
W1 = m (h1-h2)
• Work input to the cycle
(Pump),
W2 = m (h4-h3)
where m is the mass flow of
the cycle.
• Heat supplied to the cycle
(boiler),
Q1 = m (h1-h4)
• Heat rejected from the cycle
(condenser), Q2 95
= m (h2-h3)
 Turbine efficiency
• Net work output of cycle is
W= W1-W2
Thermal efficiency of Rankin cycle is :
η = W / Q1 = output / input

96
 Turbine efficiency calculation

Steam enters a turbine at 59 atm and 500oC , expands

without friction to 0.908 atm and condenses at this
pressure , neglecting the pump work , calculate

A Heat supplied per kg steam

B Work done by turbine per kg steam

C Thermal effeciency

97
 A ) Heat supplied per kg steam
• As heat supplied = Q1
• Total heat supplied by steam = enthalpy of steam at
59 atm (500oC) – enthalpy of water at 0.908 atm
• Q1=m ( ha-hb )
• Referring to mollier chart
• Q1= 3422.2 kJ/kg – 191.83 kJ/kg = 3230.37 KJ/kg

98
B ) work done by turbine per kg steam

• W= W1-W2
• W1=h1-h2 ( enthalpy of steam entering –
enthalpy of steam entering condenser )
= 3420 – 2176 = 1244 KJ

99
 C ) Thermal efficiency
• Thermal efficiency = work done / total heat
supplied
η = W / Q1 = output / input
Therefore η = 1244 / 3230 = 38.5 %

100
 Quick Estimation of Steam Turbine
Power
• Back-pressure, or condensing, extraction steam
turbine/alternator systems are widely used in the
chemical process industries to meet electrical-power
and process-steam requirements. These turbines
employ superheated steam at high temperatures
and pressures.
• The two-part nomograph presented here estimates
the electrical power generated at the alternator
terminals. If the electrical power is known, the
extracted or condensed steam flow in the turbine
can be estimated. Estimation is quick and accurate;
it does not require aids such as the steam tables,
calculators or personal computers.
101
 Quick Estimation of Steam Turbine
Power
• The nomograph solves the following equation:
• P = W(hi-ho)η
• 3414*106
• Where:
• P = electrical power generated at alternator terminals, MW
• W= steam flow through steam turbine, lb/h.
• hi= steam enthalpy at steam turbine inlet, Btu/lb.
• ho= steam enthalpy at steam turbine outlet, Btu/lb.
• η = Combined overall efficiency of both steam turbine and
alternator.
• Fig. A is used to generate a factor, which is used in Fig. B to
solve the equation.
102
 Trouble shooting
• Loss of vacuum in surface condenser

103
 Operation of turbine
• Steam circuit :
– Steam exhaust valve must be opened prior to inlet
valve to avoid pressure excursion.
– PSV at exhaust or a sentinal valve on turbine
casing are provided .
– PSV releases the excess pressure while the
sentinal valve only indicates pressure build up by
sounding a warning.
– For start up exhaust valve is opened first , for shut
down inlet valve is closed first.
104
• Steam circuit :
– Condensation of steam :
– Condensing turbines have low exhaust temp., usally some of the
steam condenses as it passes thru turbine later stages, these
turbines are designed for moderate condensation of steam.
– If the inlet steam temperature falls below the design temperature ,
steam will condense in the earlier stages , these are not designed for
condensate, this condensate may cause an erosion over a period of
time.
– During shut down turbine cools and any residual steam left in may
condense.
– Water collects in the lower points of the turbine steam inlet lines.
– When the turbine is brought upto speed the steam will carry the
water.
– A slug of water thru nozzle can break turbine blading.
– Low points available in turbine casing and steam lines should be
opened before startt up, when dry steam starts coming out of drains
then only they should be closed.
105
 Start up check
Operation list
of turbine
• Shaft Bow : ( larger turbines )
– When steam is passed thru turbine , shaft must be rotating
slowly , if not the steam will be in contact with the upper
half only which will expand more than the lower half and
will bow or bend due to uneven heating , similarly when
turbine is shut down , steam in turbine starts to cool and
saturated steam laden with water droplets settle at bottom
of casing , rotor at bottom cools rapidly than at the top and
shaft will bow again. Barring device is provided to keep
shaft rotating at low speed after shut down and initial
period of start up.

106
107
 Sealing steam circuit
• Chambers 1 , front and rear
are connected to the main
condenser and low pressure
steam supply.
• The automatic valves A and
B keep the pressure just
above atmospheric level ,
thus minimizing steam flow
to atmosphere from chamber
2.
• A steam gland condenser is
not required , when applied it
is connected to chamber 2.
108
Lube and control oil circuit

109
Emergency stop valve

110
 Start up procedure
• From word

111
 Shut down
• From word

112
 Trouble shooting
• Loss of vacuum in surface condenser
• Vibration ( actual or false )

113