DISTILLATION

DISTILLATION
Distillation is a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or
more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired
purity, by the application and removal of heat.

 Distillation is done on the basis of differences in their

volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a
physical separation process, and not a chemical
reaction.

 Principle:
Separation of components from a liquid mixture via distillation
depends on the differences in boiling points of the individual
components. And also depends on the vapour pressure characteristics
of liquid mixtures.
 For any liquid, the individual
molecules within the liquid
are continuously in motion
Atmospheric pressure, P atm
A small percentage of these
molecules attain enough
kinetic energy to leave the
liquid phase

This exerts an opposing

pressure on the atmosphere
above the solution known as
the vapor pressure, P
Vapor Pressure, P
When enough energy, in the form of heat, is imparted to
the solution the vapor pressure becomes equal to the
atmospheric pressure and the liquid begins to boil

P < P atm P ≥ P atm

RAOULT’S LAW
 In a solution of two miscible liquids (A & B) the partial
pressure of component “A” (PA) in the solution equals
the partial pressure of pure “A” (PAo) times its mole fraction
(NA)
 Partial Pressure of A in solution = P A = (PAo) x (NA)
 Partial Pressure of B in solution = P B = (PBo) x (NB)
 When the total pressure (sum of the partial pressures) is
equal to or greater than the applied pressure, normally
Atmospheric Pressure (760 mm Hg), the solution boils
Ptotal = PA + PB
= PAo NA + PBo NB
 If the sum of the two partial pressures of the two
compounds in a mixture is less than the applied pressure,
the mixture will not boil. The solution must be heated until
the combined vapor pressure equals the applied pressure
VAPOR ENRICHMENT
 From Raoult’s Law we can obtain the following relationships:
 NAvapor = P˚A/PT
And
 NBvapor = P˚B/PT
 If A is more volatile than B, BPA < BPB and P˚A > P˚B
Then
 NAvapor > NAliquid
 The result of this process is that when a mixture of two miscible
liquids with different boiling points is heated, the vapor will have a
different composition than the liquid. THE VAPOR IS ENRICHED
IN THE MORE VOLATILE (LOWER BOILING) COMPONENT.
TYPES OF DISTILLATION
 Simple Distillation
 Fractional Distillation

 Vacuum Distillation

 Azeotropic Distillation
Simple Distillation
 In Simple distillation the
only one chain of
vaporization and
condensation takes place.
 Its only applicable if
difference of boiling points
is very large like 25-35`C.
 It is mostly use to separate
volatile liquid from non-
volatile liquids.
 Its difficult get pure
substance only by simple
distillation.
 Distillation of seawater.
 Fractional
Distillation
 It is another common type of
distillation.
 It is used to separate liquids
having very close boiling
points.
 It requires more
evaporation/condensation
cycles
 For fractional distillation one
fractionating column is
introduced between flask and
condenser. Each gap works
as one cycle
 It is use in petro chemical
industry.
concentration
Vacuum Distillation
 Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation
whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture
to be distilled is reduced to less than its vapor
pressure (usually less than atmospheric
pressure) causing evaporation of the most
volatile liquid(s) (those with the lowest boiling
points).
 This distillation method works on the principle
that boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of
a liquid exceeds the ambient pressure.
 It is use for temperature sensitive materials
like oil industry.
AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION
 It is special type of distillation which is
specifically use for azeotropic mixture.
 They can’t be distilled directly as their
liquid and vapour composition are
same.
 In this some other component is added
to create new low boiling azeotrope.
 Which creates two heterogeneous
layers.
 This can be easily distill.
 In production of ethanol, to break
azeotrope of 96%ehanol and 4% water
benzene is added.
SOME OTHER DISTILLATION
 Flash Distillation
 Steam Distillation

 Molecular Distillation

 Air-sensitive vacuum distillation

 Destructive Distillation

 Pervaporation Distillation

 Dry Distillation

 Extractive Distillation

 Freeze Distillation

 Codistillation
BASIC DISTILLATION
EQUIPMENTS
 A vertical shell where the separation of
liquid components is carried out
 Column internals such as trays/plates
and/or packings which are used to
enhance component separations
 A reboiler to provide the necessary
vaporization for the distillation process
 A condenser to cool and condense the
vapour leaving the top of the column
 A reflux drum to hold the condensed
vapour from the top of the column so that
liquid (reflux) can be recycled back to the
column
DISTILLATION OPERATION
 In distillation column feed is introduced at the middle
of the column on feed tray which divides the column
in top and bottom section.
 The feed slowly comes down in column where it is
collected in reboliler which converts feed in to vapour.
 Vapour is reintroduced in column from bottom and
liquid remain in reboiler is known as bottom.
 Vapour moves upward in column and comes out from
top
 It is then condensed by condenser and stored in vessel.
It is known as distillate.
 Some of this condensate is again introduced from top.It
is known as reflux.
 Thus, there are internal flows of vapour and liquid
within the column as well as external flows of feed and
product streams, into and out of the column.
CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMN
 Classification Of Column
 Continuous Column
 Batch Column

 Types of Continues Column

 Nature of Feed
 Binary Column
 Multi Component Column

 Column Internals
 Tray Column
 Packed Column
THANK YOU…