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Lesson 1 - GI Pathology
Lesson 1 - GI Pathology
GI pathology
GI disorder symptoms
• Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are all
physiological responses that are a common to
many gastrointestinal disorders
• Anorexia represents a loss of appetite
• Vomiting, or emesis is the sudden and forceful
oral expulsion of the contents of the stomach
• Hematemesis refers to blood in the vomitus;
may be bright red or have a “coffee-ground”
appearance because of the digestive enzymes
Digestive system anatomy
Really this is one long
continuous tube with
openings on either end:
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
(bowel/colon)
• Rectum
Small intestine
• Proximal: duodenum
• Middle: jejunum
• Distal: ileum
Large intestine
• Proximal: caecum and
appendix
• Middle: ascending,
transverse and
descending colon
• Distal: sigmoid colon
and rectum
Esophagus
– Inflammation of esophagus
– Inflammation of the
stomach can be acute or
chronic causes
– Acute gastritis is cause by
irritant foods, corrosives,
alcohol, or high level of
stress
– Acute gastritis is
manifested by pain,
dyspepsia, vomiting and
bleeding
Chronic Gastritis
– Chronic gastritis is
usually caused by a
bacteria called
Helicobacter Pylori
– Chronic inflammation of
stomach can cause
atrophy of gastric glands
– Reduced food digestion
and dyspepsia
Peptic Ulcer
– Pathogenesis: risk
factors like stress,
smoking, and alcohol can
alter the mucus
secretion of the stomach
Gastric Ulcer
– Complications include:
perforation,
hemorrhage, obstruction
(due to scar formation)
and tendency to convert
gastric cancer.
– Gastric ulcers are in the
stomach only
Duodenal Ulcer
– more common
– Main
manifestation is
pain when
stomach is empty.
usually begins in
1-2 hours after
meal, and the
pain is relieved
immediately after
eating a meal
• Longitudinal tears
in the esophagus at
the
esophagogastric
junction
• Most often in
chronic alcoholics
after a bout of
severe retching or
vomiting
• May also occur
during acute
illness with
severe vomiting
Tears (Mallory-Weiss
Syndrome)
Appendicitis
– Rare genetically
transmitted disorder of
large intestine
• Diverticulosis is the
presence of these knobs
and diverticulitis is
when they become
inflamed
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
– Manifestations: alternating
diarrhea and constipation,
abdominal pain, gaseous
discomfort, absence of any
detectable organic disease
– Associated with fibromyalgia
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• There are two types of
IBD:
– Crohn’s disease (CD) and
Ulcerative colitis (UC)
obesity
Childhood Obesity
• Obesity is the most
prevalent nutritional
disorder affecting the
pediatric population in the
US
• Major concern of childhood
obesity is that obese
children will grow up to
become obese adults
– Pediatricians beginning to see
hypertension, dyslipidemia,
and type II diabetes in obese
children and adolescents
Childhood obesity
• Growing concern that childhood and
adolescent obesity may be associated with
negative psychosocial consequences such as
low self esteem and discrimination by adults
and peers
• Childhood obesity is determined by a
combination of hereditary and environmental
factors
– It is associated with obese parents, higher
socioeconomic status, increased parental
education, small family size, and sedentary
lifestyle
Diarrhea
• The usual definition of diarrhea is the
excessively frequent passage of stools
– Can be acute or chronic; considered to be chronic
when symptoms persist for 3 weeks in children or
adults and 4 weeks in infants
• The complaint of diarrhea is a general one and
may be related to a number of pathologic and
non-pathologic factors
Constipation
• Can be defined as the infrequent passage of stools; the
problem increases with age