LTE Radio Interface Procedures

Contents
1- FAQs
2- Reselection Frame Structure//Throughput Calculations etc
3- SIBs
3- Registration
4-Paging IDLE Mode
5-Handover
6-DL Power
Control Connected Mode
7-DL Scheduling
8-ANR
9-ICIC Self Optimization
10-MRO Network
FAQs
 Frame Structure (FDD)

Related Concept

1- Radio Frame
2-Subframe(TTI)
3-Slot
4- Subcarrier
5- Resource Block (Scheduling Minimum Unit)
6- Resource Element
Channel
RB Subcarrier
BW
Number Number
(MHz)
1.4 6 72
3 15 180
5 25 300
10 50 600
15 75 900
20 100 1200
 Downlink Calculation
Downlink maximum throughput = Number of RB × 12 (Number of Sub-carrier with
one RB) × 14 (Number of Symbols with a Sub-frame) × [ 1 － (RS overhead and PDCCH
overhead) ] × Modulation symbols efficiency × MIMO × 1000 (Number of Sub-frame
in one second) × Coding rate
 
Example:
Calculate the FDD LTE system 10M, 2 * 2 MIMO, 64QAM, the Coding rate is 1.
The single cell downlink physical layer theory rate = 50*12*14*(1-(2/21+1/21))*6*2*1000*1 =82.4Mbps
50   50 RB
12  One RB includes 12 sub-carrier
14   A sub-frame 14 symbol
6    64QAM each symbol represents 6 bits
2    2*2 MIMO
1000  1s=1000ms
2/21 RS overhead (total symbol of one RB=12*14=168, RS symbol number=16, 16/168=2/21)
1/21 PDCCH overhead (If downlink sub-frame PDCCH accounted for only a symbol, and the PDCCH
symbol is the first
symbol of the sub-frame, this is the minimal overhead in PDCCH, a downlink sub-frame occupies 8
subcarriers, so the
minimal PDCCH overhead is 8 symbols, 8 / (14 * 12) =8/168= 1/21. 

82.4Mbps this is an ideal value, because the SCH, BCH also take up some of the resources, and consider
the coding rate,
the actual Downlink peak rate around 70Mbps
 
 Uplink Calculation
Uplink maximum throughput = Number of RB × 12 (Number of Sub-carrier with one RB) ×
14 (Number of Symbols with a Sub-frame) × ( 1 － RS overhead ) × Modulation symbols efficiency ×
1000 (Number of Sub-frame in one second) × Coding rate

Example:
Calculate the FDD LTE system 10M, None MIMO, 16QAM, the Coding rate is 1.
The UE uplink physical layer theory rate = 46*12*14*(1-1/7)*4*1000*1=26.5Mbps

46   46 RB
12  One RB includes 12 sub-carrier
14   A sub-frame 14 symbol
4   16QAM each symbol represents 4 bits
1  Coding rate
1/7Pilot overhead
1000  1s=1000ms
 
UE cat4 does not support 64QAM and MIMO in uplink, and consider the PUCCH occupied 4RB, the pilot
overhead is 1/7,
the uplink can reach the peak rate 25.6Mbps, in fact should also consider the impact of sounding and
PRACH, the uplink
peak rate around 25Mpbs
Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation(3GPP : 36.104)
Channel raster
Table 5.7.3-1 E-UTRA channel numbers
Downlink Uplink
The channel raster is 100 kHz for all bands, which E-UTRA FDL_low [MHz] NOffs-DL Range of NDL FUL_low [MHz] NOffs-UL Range of NUL
Operating
means that the carrier centre frequency must be an Band
integer multiple of 100 kHz. 1 2110 0 0 – 599 1920 18000 18000 – 18599
2 1930 600 600 - 1199 1850 18600 18600 – 19199
3 1805 1200 1200 – 1949 1710 19200 19200 – 19949

Carrier frequency and EARFCN 4

5
2110
869
1950
2400
1950 – 2399
2400 – 2649
1710
824
19950
20400
19950 – 20399
20400 – 20649
The carrier frequency in the uplink and downlink is 6 875 2650 2650 – 2749 830 20650 20650 – 20749
designated by the E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency 7 2620 2750 2750 – 3449 2500 20750 20750 – 21449
8 925 3450 3450 – 3799 880 21450 21450 – 21799
Channel Number (EARFCN) in the range 0 - 65535.
9 1844.9 3800 3800 – 4149 1749.9 21800 21800 – 22149
The relation between EARFCN and the carrier frequency 10 2110 4150 4150 – 4749 1710 22150 22150 – 22749
in MHz for the downlink is given by the following equation, 11 1475.9 4750 4750 – 4949 1427.9 22750 22750 – 22949
where FDL_low and NOffs-DL are given in table 5.7.3-1 and 12 728 5000 5000 – 5179 698 23000 23000 – 23179
13 746 5180 5180 – 5279 777 23180 23180 – 23279
NDL is the downlink EARFCN. 14 758 5280 5280 – 5379 788 23280 23280 – 23379
…
17 734 5730 5730 – 5849 704 23730 23730 – 23849
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL – NOffs-DL) 18 860 5850 5850 – 5999 815 23850 23850 – 23999
19 875 6000 6000 – 6149 830 24000 24000 – 24149
20 791 6150 6150 - 6449 832 24150 24150 - 24449

The relation between EARFCN and the carrier frequency 21 1495.9 6450 6450 – 6599 1447.9 24450 24450 – 24599
…
in MHz for the uplink is given by the following equation 33 1900 36000 36000 – 36199 1900 36000 36000 – 36199
where FUL_low and NOffs-UL are given in table 5.7.3-1 and 34 2010 36200 36200 – 36349 2010 36200 36200 – 36349

NUL is the uplink EARFCN. 35 1850 36350 36350 – 36949 1850 36350 36350 – 36949
36 1930 36950 36950 – 37549 1930 36950 36950 – 37549
37 1910 37550 37550 – 37749 1910 37550 37550 – 37749
38 2570 37750 37750 – 38249 2570 37750 37750 – 38249
FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL – NOffs-UL) 39 1880 38250 38250 – 38649 1880 38250 38250 – 38649
40 2300 38650 38650 – 39649 2300 38650 38650 – 39649
NOTE: The channel numbers that designate carrier frequencies so close to the operating band edges that the carrier
extends beyond the operating band edge shall not be used. This implies that the first 7, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 100
channel numbers at the lower operating band edge and the last 6, 14, 24, 49, 74 and 99 channel numbers at
the upper operating band edge shall not be used for channel bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
respectively.
 Example
FDL (center Freq) = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL
(EARFCN) – NOffs-DL)

Or

NDL (EARFCN)= 10*(FDL (center Freq) -

FDL_low ) + NOffs-DL

Say FDL (center Freq) = 1815

NDL (EARFCN)=10*(1815-1805)+1200

NDL (EARFCN)=1300
RS Mapping on different AxA MIMO
It is worth noting that the position of
the reference signals is dependent on
the value of the
Physical Cell ID. As such, the system
performs a calculation (Physical Cell ID
mod 6) to
determine the correct offset. Figure A
illustrates two cells, each producing a
different
offset.

Figure A
QCI stands for QoS Class Identifier. This is a special indentifier defining the quality of packet
communication provided by LTE.
The range of the class is from 1 to 9.  Each of this class is defined as in the following table (TS
23.203).
 
IDLE Mode Behavior
Idle Mode Overview
PLMN Selection
Cell selection & cell reselection
System Information reception
Tracking area registration
Paging monitoring procedure
 Idle Mode Overview
A UE that is powered on but does not have an RRC connection to the radio network
is defined as being in idle mode. In the case of idle mode management, the eNodeB
sends configurations by broadcasting system information, and accordingly, UEs select
suitable cells to camp on. Idle mode management can increase the access success rate,
improve the quality of service, and ensure that UEs camp on cells with good signal
quality.
 PLMN Selection

A PLMN identity consists of a Mobile Country

Code (MCC) and a Mobile Network Code
(MNC).

When a UE is powered on or recovers from

lack of coverage, after the cell search, the UE
first selects the last registered PLMN and
attempts to register on that PLMN. If the
registration on the PLMN is successful, the UE
shows the selected PLMN on the display, and
now it can obtain service from an operator. If
the last registered PLMN is unavailable or the
registration on the PLMN fails, another PLMN
can be automatically or manually selected
according to the priorities of PLMNs stored in
the USIM.
 Cell Selection & Reselection
P-SCH
Cell search is a procedure in which a UE achieves time and frequency
synchronization with a cell, obtains the physical cell ID, and learns the
signal quality and other information about the cell based on the
physical cell ID. Before selecting or reselecting a cell, a UE performs S-SCH
a cell search on all carrier frequencies.

In the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, Synchronization Channels

(SCHs) are specially used for cell search. There are two types of
SCH: Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH) and
PCI
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH).
The cell search procedure on SCHs is as follows:
The UE monitors the P-SCH to achieve clock synchronization with a
maximum synchronization error of 5 ms. Physical cell IDs have
one-to-one mapping with primary synchronization signals. Therefore,
the UE acquires the physical cell ID by monitoring the P-SCH.
The UE monitors the S-SCH to achieve frame synchronization, that is,
time synchronization with the cell.
Cell ID groups have a one-to-one relation with secondary
synchronization signals. Therefore, the UE acquires the number
of the cell ID group to which the physical cell ID belongs by monitoring
the S-SCH. The UE monitors the downlink reference
signal to acquire the signal quality in the cell. The UE monitors the
Broadcast Channel (BCH) to acquire other information about the cell.
 Cell Selection Criteria
• During cell selection, a UE needs to check whether a cell fulfills the cell selection criteria. The cell selection is
based on the RSRP of the E-UTRAN cell. Before a UE can select a cell to camp on, the RSRP of the cell must be
higher than the user-defined minimum receive (RX) level Qrxlevmin of the cell.
• The formula for cell selection decision is as follows:
• Srxlev > 0

• where Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - Pcompensation

• Qrxlevmeas is the measured RX level in the cell (RSRP), expressed in decibels with reference to one milliwatt
(dBm).
• Qrxlevmin is the minimum required RX level (set in the eNodeB) in the cell, expressed in units of dBm.
• Qrxlevminoffset is the offset to Qrxlevmin. This offset is taken into account when the UE attempts to camp on a
cell in a higher-priority PLMN. That is, when camped on a cell in a VPLMN, the UE considers this offset
parameter, which was signaled from the associated cell in the higher-priority PLMN, in the Srxlev evaluation.
• Pcompensation is generated according to the function max(PMax - UE Maximum Output Power, 0). The value is
expressed in decibels (dB).
• PMax is the maximum allowed transmit power of the UE in the cell, expressed in units of dBm. It is used in
uplink transmission.
 Cell Reselection
• The signal strength of both serving cell and
neighboring cells varies with the movement of UE
and so the UE need to select the most suitable
cell to camp on. This process is called cell
reselection.

• Cell reselection process:

– Measurement Start criteria
– Cell reselection criteria
Intra frequency
Interfrequency (within LTE)
InterRAT ( LTE to Other RAT)
 Intra frequency Measurement
• If the intra frequency measurement triggering threshold is not
configured, the UE performs intra frequency measurements
always.
• If the intra frequency measurement triggering threshold is
configured:

• Srxlev > SintraSearch,

– the UE does not perform intra frequency measurement.

• Srxlev <= SintraSearch,

– the UE perform intra frequency measurement.

Srxlev = Smeas - SMin

 Inter Frequency // RAT Measurement
• For the neighbor with higher priority
– The UE always perform inter frequency / RAT measurement
 For the neighbor with Low or equal priority
 If the threshold is not configured , the UE always perform inter
frequency/RAT measurement
 If threshold is configured:
 When Srxlev > SNonIntraSearch, UE does not perform inter frequency
/ RAT measurement
 When Srxlev <=SNonIntraSeach, UE perform inter frequency / RAT
measurement
From SIB, UE can get the serving cell & inter frequency / RAT neighbors’ priority
For the high priority cells, UE measure them always, for low priority cells, UE measure them
incase of serving cell signal is lower
Than threshold.
The intra frequency cells have the same frequency priority, frequencies of different RATs must
have different priorities
 Intra Frequency//Same Priority Cell Reselection Decision
• A UE makes a cell reselection decision according to cell reselection criteria. When making a decision on reselection to an
intra-frequency or equal-priority inter-frequency cell, the UE checks whether the signal quality of a neighboring cell is higher
than that of the serving cell. The UE evaluates the neighboring cell only after the cell meets the cell selection criteria.
• The cell-ranking criteria R_s for the serving cell and R_n for neighboring cells are defined as follows:
• R_s = Qmeas,s + Qhyst
• R_n = Qmeas,n - CellQoffset
• where:
• Qmeas,s is the measured RSRP of the serving cell, expressed in units of dBm.
• Qhyst is the hysteresis for the serving cell used in the ranking criteria, expressed in units of dB. It is set in the eNodeB.
• Qmeas,n is the measured RSRP of the neighboring cell, expressed in units of dBm.
• CellQoffset is the offset for the neighboring cell used in the ranking criteria, expressed in units of dB. It is set in the eNodeB.
• According to the cell reselection criteria, the UE should reselect the new cell only if both the following conditions are met:
• The new cell is ranked higher than the serving cell during the cell reselection time.
• More than one second has elapsed since the UE camped on the serving cell.
• During cell reselection, the UE needs to check whether access to that cell is allowed according to the cellAccessRelatedInfo
Information Element (IE) in the SIB1. If the cell is barred, it must be excluded from the candidate list, and the UE does not
consider the cell as a candidate for cell reselection. If the cell is unsuitable because it is part of the list of forbidden TAs for
roaming or it does not belong to the registered PLMN or an EPLMN, the UE does not consider this cell and other cells on the
same frequency as candidates for reselection for a maximum of 300 seconds.
 Inter-RAT/Inter Frequency High Priority Cell Reselection
Decision

• For the high priority cells, the UE perform cell reselection if

following conditions are met:

– In “ reselection time”, “Sxlev” of a neighbor is higher than “ ThreshXHigh”

– More than one second has elapsed since the UE camped on the serving
cell.

 Note: If the highest cell is unsuitable because is part of list of forbidden Tac for
roaming or it does not belong to registered PLMN or an EPLMN, the UE does
not consider this cell as candidate for reselection for a maximum of 300
seconds.
Inter-RAT/Inter-Frequency low Priority Cell Reselection
Decision

• For low priority cells, the UE perform cell

reselection if the following condition are met:

– No cell on a higher priority frequency meets the criteria

– In “ reselection time”, “Srxlev” of the serving cell is
lower than “ ThrshServLow”, but “Srxlev” value of the
evaluated neighbor cell is greater than “ ThreshXLow”
– More than one second has elapsed since the UE
camped on the serving cell.
System Information Block Contents
SI Block Content
MIB Downlink bandwidth of a cell, Physical HARQ Indication Channel (PHICH)
parameters, and System Frame Number (SFN)
SIB1 Parameters related to cell access and cell selection and scheduling information
of SI messages
SIB2 Common radio parameters used by all the UEs in a cell
SIB3 Common cell reselection parameters for all the cells and intra-frequency cell
reselection parameters
SIB4 Intra-frequency neighboring cell list, reselection parameters of each
neighboring cell used for cell reselection, and intra-frequency cell reselection
blacklist
SIB5 Inter-frequency E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN)
list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection
Inter-frequency cell list and reselection parameters of each neighboring cell
used for cell reselection
Inter-frequency cell reselection blacklist
SIB6 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used
for cell reselection
UTRA Time Division Duplex (TDD) neighboring EARFCN list and reselection
parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection
SIB7 GERAN neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN
used for cell reselection
SIB8 CDMA2000 pre-registration information
CDMA2000 neighboring frequency band list and reselection parameters of each
band used for cell reselection
CDMA2000 neighboring cell list of neighboring frequency band
SIB9 Name of the home eNodeB
SIB10 Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification
SIB11 ETWS secondary notification
 MIB

The MIB is transmitted over the BCH. The scheduling period of the MIB is 40 ms. The first
transmission of the MIB is scheduled in subframe 0 of radio frames for which the SFN mod 4 = 0,
and repetitions are scheduled in subframe 0 of the last three radio frames in each period.
 System Information Type-1
Site ID : 0x12519=75033
Cell ID: 02 ( sec-C)

SIB1 is mandatory SIB and send in DL-SCH

The scheduling period of the SIB1 is fixed to 80 ms. The first transmission of the
SIB1 is scheduled in subframe 5 of radio frames for which the SFN mod 8 = 0, and
repetitions are scheduled in subframe 5 of the later radio frames for which SFN
mod 2 = 0 in each period.
SIB1 Parameters related to cell access and cell selection and scheduling information
of SI messages
System Information (Sib-3)

SIB3 Common cell reselection parameters for all the cells and intra-frequency cell
reselection parameters
System Information(Sib-4//Sib-6)
SIB6
SIB4 Intra-frequency neighboring cell list, reselection
parameters of each neighboring cell used for
cell reselection, and intra-frequency cell
reselection blacklist
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) Frequency
Division Duplex (FDD) neighboring EARFCN list and
reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell
reselection
UTRA Time Division Duplex (TDD) neighboring EARFCN
list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used
for cell reselection
 Tracking Area Registration
EPC send paging messages to all enodeB in the TA. A TA is identified by
Tracking area identifier (TAI), which consist of MCC+MNC+TAC

• TAC in SIB1:

• A UE informs the EPC of its Tracking area in 2 ways.

– Attach/Detach
– TA update (Periodic + Normal)
 Attach//Detach
• When a UE needs to obtain service from a network
but is not registered to the network, the UE
perform an attach procedure for TA registration

• When the UE fails to access the EPC or the EPC

doesn’t allow the access of the UE, a detach
procedure is initiated. After the detach procedure,
EPC no longer pages the UE.
TA Update (Periodic + Normal)

• TA update are performed in the following situations:

– The UE detects a new TA
– The periodic TA update timer expires(T3412  54min)
– The UE perform reselection to an E-UTRAN cell from
another RAT
– The RRC connection is released because of load balancing
– The information on UE capabilities stored in the ECP
changes
– The DRX parameter changes
 Paging Monitoring Procedure
Key Concept

1- DefaultPagingCycle (T), DRX Cycle Coefficient.

2- Paging Frame (PF)
3- Paging Occasion (PO) Function of IMSI

Paging Parameters in SIB2

SFN for PF  
BCCH-DL-SCH-Message ::= SEQUENCE
SFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod N)   +-message ::= CHOICE [c1]
    +-c1 ::= CHOICE [systemInformation]
      +-systemInformation ::= SEQUENCE
For Subframe PO         +-criticalExtensions ::= CHOICE
The subframe number i_s of a PO is derived from the [systemInformation-r8]
          +-systemInformation-r8 ::= SEQUENCE [0]
following formula:             +-sib-TypeAndInfo ::= SEQUENCE OF
i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns SIZE(1..maxSIB[32]) [1]
            | +- ::= CHOICE [sib2]
            |   +-sib2 ::= SEQUENCE [00]
*Occasion (PO) is a subframe where there may be P-RNTI transmitted on                          ......
PDCCH addressing the paging message.             |     | +-pcch-Config ::= SEQUENCE
* Paging Frame (PF) is one Radio Frame, which may contain one or             |     | | +-defaultPagingCycle ::= ENUMERATED
[rf128]
multiple Paging Occasion(s).             |     | | +-nB ::= ENUMERATED [oneT]
 SFN for PF

Meaning of Parameters SFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod N)

For Subframe PO
The subframe number i_s of a PO is derived from the
following formula:
i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns

T=DRX Cycle
N=N is min(T,NB). The NB parameter specifies the number of PO subframes in a DRX cycle.
Based on the actual
configuration on the eNodeB, NB can be set to 4T, 2T, T, T/2, T/4, T/8, T/16, or T/32.
Ns =max(1,NB/T).
UE_ID is IMSI mod 1024.

SIB-2
Understanding of NB
 SFN for PF

Example SFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod N)

For Subframe PO
IMSI: IMSI(448835805669362) The subframe number i_s of a PO is derived from the
following formula:
N=N is min(T,NB)  N=min(T,T)  T=128 i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns
Ns =max(1,NB/T)  Ns=max(1,NB/T)
Ns=max(1,T/T)  1
UE_ID is IMSI mod 1024  (448835805669362)
mod 1024=1010
SFN mod T=(128 div 128) x (1010 mod 128)= 114
i_s=Floor(UE_ID/N) mod Ns= Floor(1010/128) mod 1=
Floor(7.890625) mod 1=7 mod 1= 0

From calcuation:
11 12 12 12 12 12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 … …. …. 4 … … 3 4 5 6 7 Ns=1
P
PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF F PF PF PF PF PF PF I_S=0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P
                  O
Connected Mode
• Handover
• Power Control (DL)
• Scheduling (DL)
 Handover Procedure

Mobility Management Overview

Intra Frequency handover
Inter Frequency handover
Inter RAT handover
obility Management Overview
Handover Procedures Entities

mobility robust
optimization (MRO)
 Measurement Triggering

Only voice
Handover Events
 Key Concept
Step Direction Message Target Cell Memo

1 UE <---> SS < Power On and Registration > Cell 1  

RRC Connection Reconfiguration is 2 UE <---> SS < Now UE is in IDLE mode > Cell 1  

use to 3 UE <--- SS Paging Cell 1  

Modify/establish/release RB/to 4 UE ---> SS RRC Connection Request Cell 1  

perform 5 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Setup Cell 1  

6 UE ---> SS RRC Connection Setup Complete Cell 1  

Handover, to setup/modify/release 7 UE <--- SS Security Mode Command Cell 1  
measurement 8 UE ---> SS Security Mode Complete Cell 1  

Main IE: 9 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Reconfiguration Cell 1

reactivating default
EPS Bearer

Measurementconfiguration 10 UE ---> SS RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete Cell 1  

Mobilitycontrolinformation 11 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Reconfiguration Cell 1 Measurement Control

for Target Cell

Nas-DedicatedInformation 12 UE ---> SS RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete Cell 1  

RadioResourceConfiguration 13 UE ---> SS Measurement Report Cell 1  

Securityconfiguration 14 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Reconfiguration Cell 1 Handover Command

15 UE ---> SS PRACH Cell 2  

Ue-RelatedInformation
16 UE <--- SS RACH Response Cell 2  

17 UE ---> SS RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete Cell 2 PASS/FAIL

18 UE <--- SS ueCapabilityEnquiry Cell 2  

19 UE ---> SS ueCapabilityInformation Cell 2  

20 UE ---> SS ulInformationTransfer + Detach Request Cell 2  

21 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Release Cell 2  

 Gap Mode (1/2)
A measurement gap is a time period during Inter-RAT
which the UE performs measurements on a
neighboring frequency of the serving
frequency. Measurement gaps are applicable
to inter-frequency and inter-RAT
measurements. The UE performs inter-
frequency or inter-RAT measurements only
within the measurement gaps. One UE
normally has only one receiver, and
consequently one UE can receive the signals on
only one frequency at a time.
When inter-frequency or inter-RAT
measurements are triggered, the eNodeB
delivers the measurement gap configuration,
and then the UE starts gap-assisted
measurements accordingly. As shown above, Task: Starting Position of the Gap, Gap length
Tperiod denotes the repetition period of
measurement gaps, and TGAP denotes the gap
width, within which the UE performs
measurements
GAP Mode (2/2)
Microsoft Office
Excel 97-2003 Worksheet
 Intra-Frequency handover
Event A3 will be trigger for Intra-frequency handover.
 Handover Procedure
A
LTE Vs WCDMA Jargon
RRC Connection Reconfiguration ==
Measurement Control
Measurement Report == Measurement
Report
B
RRC Connection Reconfiguration == Physical
Channel Reconfiguration or ActiveSetUpdate
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete ==
Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete or
ActiveSetUpdateComplete C
 
'mobilityControlInfo' tells UE about
the frequency of target cell and
various physical channel
configuration and RACH procedure
information about the target cell. In
short, this IE (information element)
carries the most of SIB2
information of target cell.
RRC Connection Reconfiguration ==
Measurement Control
Measurement report

RSRP=68-140=-
72dbm
RSRQ=(32-40)/2=-
4db
Data Forwarding

The data forwarding process is as follows: After

the source eNodeB sends a handover
command to the UE, the UE detaches the
connection from the source eNodeB. The
source eNodeB then forwards the uplink (UL)
data that is received out of order and the DL
data to be transmitted, to the target eNodeB.
Data forwarding prevents a decrease in the
data transfer ratio and an increase in the data
transfer delay that are caused by user data loss
during the handover.
Intra-eNodeB handovers do not require data
forwarding. In the case of inter-eNodeB
handover, the source eNodeB selects a data
forwarding path by using the X2/S1 adaptation
mechanism.
 RRC Re-establishment

When a handover fails, the UE performs a cell

selection procedure and then initiates a
procedure of RRC connection re-establishment
towards the selected cell. The eNodeB makes a
decision based on whether the context of the
UE is present or not. If the eNodeB accepts the
re-establishment request, the UE accesses the
selected cell, thus avoiding drop of the call
caused by the handover failure.
Inter-Frequency Measurement
 Event A2 Triggering Algorithm
In a coverage-based inter-frequency handover, event A2 triggers
inter-frequency measurements. The triggering of this event
indicates that the signal quality in the serving cell is lower
than a specified threshold.

Ms: The measurement result of the serving cell

Hys: The hysteresis for event A2
Thresh: The threshold for event A2, it can be
defined separately with RSRP or RSRQ
 Event A1 Stop Algorithm
Ms: The measurement result of the serving cell

Hys: The hysteresis for event A1

 Event A4 Handover Execution

Mn: The measurement result of the

neighboring cell.
Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the
frequency of the neighboring cell.
Ocn: The cell-specific offset for the neighboring
cell.
Hys: The hysteresis for event A4
Thresh: The threshold for event A4
 Inter-RAT Measurement
Measurement Trigger
Measurement Object
 Handover Trigger  B1 Event
Mn: The measurement result of the
neighboring cell
Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the
frequency of the neighboring cell
Hys: The hysteresis for event B1. The
hysteresis values for inter-RAT handovers to
UTRAN,
LTE UMTS PS Handover Flow
Power Control
Classification of Power Control
 Downlink Power Control Classification

The configured power must meet the

requirements for the downlink coverage of the
cell
Fixed power assignment
Fixed power assignment is applicable to the cell-specific
reference signal, synchronization signal, PBCH, PCFICH, and
the PDCCH and PDSCH that carry common information of the
cell. Users configure fixed power based on channel quality.
The configured power must meet the requirements for the
downlink coverage of the cell.

Dynamic power control

Dynamic power control is applicable to the PHICH and the
PDCCH and PDSCH that carry dedicated information sent to
UEs. Dynamic power control lowers interference, expands cell
capacity, and increases coverage while meeting users'
QoS requirements. However, these channels can also support
fix power assignment, and in fact, this is our recommendation because the AMC function can also meet the
requirement of QoS.
 Cell Specific RS Power Setting
The cell-specific reference signal is transmitted
in all downlink subframes. The signal serves as
a basis for downlink channel estimation, which
is used for data demodulation.

The power for the cell-specific reference signal

is set through the ReferenceSignalPwr
parameter, which indicates the Energy Per
Resource Element (EPRE) of the cell-specific
reference signal.
 Synchronization Signal Power Setting

The synchronization signal is used for cell

search and system synchronization. There are
two types of synchronization signals, the
Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH) and
the Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-
SCH).

The offset of the power for the P-SCH and S-

SCH against the power for the cell-specific
reference signal is set through the SchPwr
parameter.
 PBCH/PCFICH Power Setting
On the PBCH, broadcast messages are sent in
each frame. The messages carry the basic
system information of the cell, such as the cell
bandwidth, antenna configuration, and frame
number.

The offset of the power for the PBCH against

the power for the cell-specific reference signal
is set through the PbchPwr parameter.

The PCFICH carries the number of OFDM

symbols used for PDCCH transmission in a
subframe. The PCFICH is always mapped to the
first OFDM symbol of each subframe.

The power for the PCFICH is set through the

PcfichPwr parameter, which indicates an offset
of the power for the PCFICH against the power
for the cell-specific reference signal.
PDCCH/PDSCH Power Setting
Dynamic Power Control - PHICH

Example

the transmit power for the PHICH is

periodically adjusted to adapt to change in
path loss and shadow shading according to the
difference between the estimated SINRRS and
SINRTarget.
 Dynamic Power Control - PDCCH
When PDCCH carry the following dedicate info,
power control should be performed to ensure
the receive reliability

Uplink scheduling information (DCI format 0)

Downlink scheduling information

(DCI format 1/1A/1B/2/2A)

PUSCH/PUCCH TPC commands

(DCI format 3/3A)

the transmit power for the PDCCH is periodically adjusted

according to the difference between the measured BLER
and BLERTarget. If the measured BLER is greater than
BLERTarget, transmit power is increased. Otherwise,
transmit power is decreased.
 PDSCH Power Presentation 1/3
Power control for the PDSCH determines the
EPREs of different OFDM symbols

Regarding power control for the

PDSCH, the OFDM symbols on
one slot can be classified into
two types. Above table shows
the OFDM symbol indexes
within a slot where the ratio of
the EPRE to the EPRE of RS is
denoted by ρA or ρB.
Pb Pa Comments
0 0{Log(1/1)} Re=Rs
Microsoft Office
PowerPoint 97-2003 Prese
1 -3 {Log(1/2)} 2Re=Rs
2 -4.77 3Re=Rs
{Log(1/3)}
PDSCH Power
Presentation 2/3
Consider only AOFDMA symbol
Total RE=12*100=1200
Total Power is 40watt, so each RE will get 40/1200=1/30=33.33mWatt=15.22dBm

Now consider BOFDMA symbol

If Rs=Re(AOFDMA symbol) , then power of Non-transmitting RS (due to MIMO)
will be
shared with other REs, then each RE will get ¼ extra power, i.e.
Re=RS+1/4 RS=5/4 RS

So Re(AOFDMA) frame= 15.22dBm

Re(BOFDMA) frame=33.33mWatt*5/4=41.666mWatt= 16.19dBm
Rs=15.2dBm

If Rs=2Re(AOFDMA symbol), then power of Non-transmitting RS(due to MIMO)

will be
Taken by transmitting Rs, So Rs=66.66mWatt=18.2dBm, in this case
Re(AOFDMA)=Re(BOFDMA)

If Rs=3Re(AOFDMA symbol), Rs=3*33.33=99.99mWatt=20dBm

Re(BOFDMA symbol)=3/4Re(AOFDMA
symbol)=3/4(33.333)=24.999mWatt=13.9dBm
 PDSCH Power Presentation 3/3

　 PRS(dBm) PA(dB) PB

Recommendation
1 15.2 0 0

default
value （ Huawei
suggestion ） 18.2 -3 1

recommendation
2 19.9 -4.77 2

recommendation3 21.2 -6 3

Parameter Configuration of PA/PB/PRS When the eNodeB receives a CQI reported by

the UE, it compares the reported CQI with the
previous CQI. If the difference between the
two CQI values is great, the process for re-
calculating the PA for the UE is started.
Scheduling
 Scheduling
The eNodeB implements scheduling at the media access control (MAC) layer and provides
time-frequency resources for uplink and downlink through scheduling. On the premise of
guaranteed quality of service (QoS), scheduling aims to transmit data on the channel with
better quality and maximize system throughput by using different channel qualities among
UEs.
 Scheduling Policies

• Max C/I
• l Round robin (RR)
• l Proportional fair (PF)
• l Enhanced proportional fair (EPF)

Scheduling Effect Factor Scheduling Priority Usage Scenario

Policy
Max C/I Channel quality The UE with better channel quality has a higher To verify the maximum
priority in scheduling. system throughput
RR None Each UE has equal opportunity to be scheduled. To verify the upper limit of
scheduling fairness
PF Service rate and channel The UE with a small ratio between the service To verify the system
quality rate and channel quality has a higher priority in throughput and fairness
scheduling.
EPF Service rate, channel quality, Taking all the prior scheme into consideration In operating networks
and QoS requirement
 Scheduling Scheme

• Semi Persistent
• Dynamic
Semi-Persistent Scheduling
Semi-persistent scheduling is introduced to reduce the overhead of control signaling. Semi-
persistent scheduling is a process where one user uses the same time-and-frequency
resources in a specified semi-persistent scheduling period (20 ms in Huawei eNodeB) until
they are released. Semi-persistent scheduling is mainly used for processing services with a
constant rate, regular packet arrival, and low delay requirements, such as the Voice over IP
(VoIP). By adopting semi-persistent scheduling, VoIP services can save the overhead of
control signaling and increase the VoIP capacity.

Dynamic Scheduling
In dynamic scheduling, scheduling is performed every Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 1
ms and all the UEs to be scheduled are notified with the scheduling information through
control signaling within this TTI. Dynamic scheduling has no requirements on the size and
arrival time of data packets. Therefore, dynamic scheduling is applicable for all services.
 DL Scheduler
Downlink scheduling allocates time-and-
frequency resources at the Physical Downlink
Shared Channel (PDSCH) for transmission of
system messages and downlink data. Downlink
scheduling described in this chapter is based
on the EPF scheduling strategy.

Downlink scheduling calculates available

scheduling resources based on the current
remaining power. In addition, the scheduling
priority and Modulation and Coding Scheme
(MCS) are determined based on the amount of
data at the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, QoS
requirements of bearers, and UE channel
quality. In downlink scheduling, the UE channel
quality information is obtained through the
CQIs reported by the UE. The prioritization and
MCS selection of scheduling depend on the
CQI information. Therefore, if reported CQIs
cannot properly reflect the actual channel
conditions, the downlink resource efficiency is
low.
 DL Scheduling
VoIP service
The VoIP service experiencing semi-persistent scheduling
has the highest priority. Semi-persistent scheduling is used
in the talk spurts of the VoIP services.

Control-plane data and IMS signaling

Control-plane data consists of common control messages
and UE-level control messages. Common control messages
consist of broadcast messages, paging messages, and
random access response messages. UE-level control
messages consist of Signaling Radio Bearer 0 (SRB0), SRB1,
and SRB2.
The scheduling of IMS signaling is the same as that of UE-
level control messages.
HARQ retransmission data

Other initial transmission services

Other initial transmission services refer to the initial
transmission services of other QCIs excluding VoIP services
and IMS signaling.
VOIP
 Control-Plane Data and IMS Signaling

The scheduling priority of control-plane data is only lower than that of VoIP services.
Control-plane data is subject to dynamic scheduling. Control-plane data consists of
common control messages and UE-level control messages. The scheduling of IMS
signaling is the same as that of UE-level control messages. Handover and Power
control is also UE-Level Control messages.
 HAQR Retransmission Data

The HARQ retransmission (both urgent and

non urgent) with longer waiting time has a
higher scheduling priority. If all the
retransmissions have the same waiting time, a
retransmission is randomly selected.
Total Process of Other Services Prioritization
*UEs that experience semi-persistent scheduling in the
current TTI
*UEs that experience HARQ retransmission scheduling in the
current TTI
*UEs that run out of HARQ process numbers
*UEs that enter the measurement gap
*UEs that enter the DRX dormant period
Ratethat
*UEs of non-GBR
stay out service > Min_GBR and
of synchronization (DLMINGBR)
have failed radio
Within
links Time T:
Rate of GBR service > T*{Maximum number of DL-SCH
transport block bits received within a TTI}
 Prioritization of Remaining Services
Prioritization of Non-GBR Service

CQI
The service with higher spectral efficiency of the corresponding wideband CQI has a higher
priority.

Average rate of non-GBR services

The non-GBR service with a larger average rate has a lower priority.

UE differentiation factor
The UE differentiation factor reflects the priority of UEs of different levels. The UE with a
higher level set by operators has a higher priority in scheduling.

Weight factor {Service Type(Bit Torrent Vs Non-Bit Torrent) And/Or QCI}

Weight factors in downlink scheduling are classified into QCI class weight factors and service
type-based weight factors. Huawei eNodeB can distinguish between Bit Torrent (BT) and non-
BT services using a switch under the DlSchSwitch parameter.
Larger weight factor leads to higher priority of scheduling
 Prioritization of GBR
Prioritization of GBR Service

Channel quality
The instantaneous channel quality of the UE is taken into
account. The UE with better instantaneous channel quality
has a higher priority. In the case of the same channel quality,
the GBR service with QCI of 1 has a higher priority than other
GBR services.

Delay
The closer the waiting time of the first packet in the buffer is
to the Packet Delay Budget (PDB), the higher the priority is.
The PDB value depends on the QCI.

Relative priority
The prioritization of GBR services is different from that of
non-GBR services. This factor is added to compare the
priority of GBR services with that of non-GBR services.
 MCS Selection & Resource Allocation

CQI  ITBS RBs  IMCS

 Calculation of Throughput based on MCS
• If you know the MCS index, you can calculate the throughput for that specific MCS index as
follows: 
• Calculation Procedure for downlink(PDSCH) is as follows :
•  i) refer to TS36.213 Table 7.1.7.1-1
• ii) get I_TBS for using MCS value (ex, I_TBS is 21 if MCS is 23)
• iii) refer to TS36.213 Table7.1.7.2.1
• iv) go to column header indicating the number of RB Microsoft Office
• v) go to row header ‘21’ which is I_TBS Excel 97-2003 Worksheet
• vi) you would get 51024 (if the number of RB is 100 and I_TBS is 21)
• vii) (This is Transfer Block Size per 1 ms for one Antenna)
•  If we use 2 antenna, it is 51024 bits * 2 Antenna * 1000 ms = about 100 Mbps
•  Calculation Procedure for uplink(PUSCH) is as follows :
• Same as the downlink as above except that you have to refer to 36.213 Table 8.6.1-1 at step
i)
• Uplink Analysis Parameter Calculation
 CQI Adjustment
The CQI report period is far greater than the
scheduling period, which leads to deviation
between the CQI at the reported time and CQI
in scheduling. Therefore, the CQI adjustment
algorithm, based on the ACKs and NACKs to
initial transmissions, should check the
deviation between the reported CQI and the
actual channel quality and provides an
adjusted CQI for scheduling.

The UE is scheduled according to the reported

CQI, and the IBLER target value of the UE is
10%. In actual system, however, the IBLER
target value may reach 20% to maximize
system capacity. In this case, the CQI reported
by the UE fails to reflect the actual channel
CqiAdjAlgoSwitch
quality because the IBLER target value of the
If this switch is set to On, the CQI adjustment UE is inconsistent with that of the eNodeB.
algorithm is enabled. In the case, the eNodeB would
adjust the UE-reported CQI based on the IBLER. If
this switch is set to Off, the CQI adjustment algorithm
is disabled. In this case, the eNodeB would not adjust
the UE-reported CQI based on the IBLER.
 SON
1-Automatic Neighbor Relation
2- ICIC
3-MRO
 Automatic Neighbor Relation
 ANR is a self-optimization function. It automatically maintains the integrity and effectiveness
of neighbor cell lists (NCLs) to
increase handover success rates and improve network performance. In addition, ANR does not
require manual intervention,
which reduces the costs of network planning and optimization.
Neighbor relations are classified into normal and abnormal neighbor relations. Abnormal
neighbor relations exist in the cases of missing neighboring cells, unstable neighbor
relations, PCI collisions, and abnormal neighboring cell coverage. ANR automatically
detects missing neighboring cells, PCI collisions, and abnormal neighboring cell coverage
and maintains neighbor relations.
 ANR classifications
 Concepts Related to ANR

-NCL (Neighbor Cell List)

-NRT (Neighbor Relation
Table)
-TempNRT (Temporary NRT)
-BlackList
-HO Black List
-X2 Black List
-WhiteList
-HO White List
-X2 White List
-PCI Collision
-Abnormal Neighbor Cell
coverage
NCL

• An NCL of a cell contains the information about the neighboring cells of a cell.
Unless otherwise stated, neighboring cells mentioned in this document exclude
intra-eNodeB neighboring cells. NCLs are classified into intra-RAT NCLs and inter-
RAT NCLs. Each cell has one intra-RAT NCL and multiple inter-RAT NCLs.

• An NCL includes the ECGIs (for E-UTRAN cells) or CGIs (for inter-RAT cells), PCIs,
and EARFCNs of the neighboring cells.

• The eNodeB adds newly detected neighboring cells to the NCL. The NCL is used
as a basis for creating neighbor relations. Neighboring cells in the NCL can be
automatically managed (for example, added, deleted, or modified) by ANR. They
can also be managed manually.
An NRT of a cell contains the information about the neighbor relations
between a cell and its neighboring cells.
NRTs are classified into intra-RAT NRTs and inter-RAT NRTs. Each cell has
one intra-RAT intra-frequency NRT,
one intra-RAT inter-frequency NRT, and multiple inter-RAT NRTs. The
intra-RAT intra-frequency NRT and intra-RAT
intra-frequency NRT are referred to as the intra-RAT NRT in this
document.
 shows an example of the NRT. The information in this table is for
reference only.
Table 3-1 An example of the NRT
 
SN LCI Local Cell TCI No Remove No HO
PLMN

1 LCI#1 46001 TCI#1 TRUE TRUE

2 LCI#1 46001 TCI#2 FALSE FALSE

3 LCI#1 46001 TCI#3 TRUE TRUE

TempNRT

A TempNRT is a temporary NRT. It has the same data structure as the NRT. Each cell has an
intra-RAT intra-frequency TempNRT and an intra-RAT inter-frequency TempNRT but does not
have an inter-RAT TempNRT. The Intra-RAT intra-frequency TempNRT and intra-RAT intra-
frequency TempNRT are referred to as the intra-RAT TempNRT in this document. After
detecting a new intra-RAT neighbor relation, the eNodeB adds it to the intra-RAT TempNRT.
Then, the eNodeB regularly maintains the neighbor relation in the TempNRT. If the new
neighbor relation is normal, the eNodeB adds it to the intra-RAT NRT.
Blacklist
HO Blacklist
An HO blacklist contains the information about neighbor relations that cannot be used for a
handover or removed automatically from the NRT by ANR. The neighbor relations in the HO
blacklist must meet the following conditions:
NO Remove = TRUE
NO HO = TRUE
A neighbor relation can be added to the HO blacklist manually.

X2 Blacklist
An X2 blacklist contains the information about an eNodeB and its neighboring eNodeBs. X2
interfaces cannot be set up automatically between the eNodeB and the neighboring eNodeBs. If
an X2 interface has been set up, it will be removed automatically.
Whitelist

HO Whitelist
An HO whitelist [1] contains the information about neighbor relations that can be used for a
handover but cannot be removed automatically from the NRT by ANR. The neighbor relations in
the HO whitelist must meet the following conditions:
 NO Remove = TRUE
 NO HO = FALSE
A neighbor relation can be added to the HO whitelist manually.

X2 Whitelist
An X2 whitelist contains the information about an eNodeB and its neighboring eNodeBs. The X2
interfaces established between the eNodeB and the neighboring eNodeBs cannot be removed
automatically
PCI
A PCI is the identifier of a physical cell. A maximum of 504 PCIs are supported, according to
reference document. Therefore, PCI collisions occur inevitably. PCI collisions negatively affect
handover performance and the handover success rate. For details about PCI collision handling,

The PCI of an E-UTRAN cell corresponds to:

 The primary scrambling code (PSC) of a UTRAN FDD cell
 The cell ID of a UTRAN TDD cell
 The base transceiver station identity code (BSIC) of a GSM/EDGE radio access network (GERAN)
cell
 The pseudo number (PN) offset of a CDMA cell
Abnormal Neighboring Cell Coverage
Abnormal neighboring cell coverage (also called cross-cell coverage) refers to the coverage of a cell
that is not a neighboring cell
of the serving cell but can be detected by a UE in the serving cell. The eNodeB regards this cell as a
neighboring cell of the
serving cell and therefore attempts to add the neighbor relation to the NRT,. The signals of an
abnormal neighboring cell are
generally unstable and therefore the success rate of handovers to this cell is low. The coverage of
neighboring cells may be
abnormal in any of the following scenarios:
l The antenna tilt or orientation changes because of improper installation or a natural
phenomenon such as strong wind.
l In mountains, the signals of the umbrella cell cover lower cells.
 Classification of ANR

• Intra-RAT ANR
• Intra-RAT Fast ANR
• Inter-RAT ANR
• Inter-RAT Fast ANR
 Intra-RAT ANR
1.    The source eNodeB delivers the intra/inter-frequency
measurement configuration to the UE and requests the
UE to measure intra-frequency neighboring cells that
meet the measurement configuration.
2. The UE detects that the PCI of cell B meets the measurement Source Neighbor
configuration and reports it to the source eNodeB. Then, the source
eNodeB checks whether the intra/inter-RAT NCL of cell A includes the
PCI of cell B. If yes, the procedure ends. If no, the following steps
continue.

3.    The source eNodeB instructs the UE, using the newly discovered
PCI as a parameter, to read the ECGI, Tracking Area Code (TAC), and
PLMN ID list of cell B.

4.    The source eNodeB schedules appropriate idle periods to allow the

UE to read the ECGI, TAC, and PLMN ID list of cell B over the broadcast
channel (BCH).

5.    The UE reports the detected ECGI, TAC, and PLMN ID list of cell B to
the source eNodeB.

The source eNodeB adds the newly detected neighboring cell of cell B
to the intra-RAT NCL of cell A and adds the neighbor relation to the
intra-RAT TempNRT
 Intra-RAT Fast ANR
Before a UE performs handovers, the eNodeB can obtain the information about all neighboring
cells with the signal quality reaching or exceeding certain RSRP (it is specified by the 
FastAnrRsrpThd parameter) based on the reporting of periodic UE measurements. This
reduces the impact of event-triggered UE measurements on handover performance when the
UE performs handovers.
 Inter-RAT ANR
1. The source eNodeB delivers the inter-RAT
measurement configuration (including target RATs and
EARFCNs) to the UE, activates the measurement gap
mode, and instructs the UE to measure the neighboring
cells that meet the measurement configuration.
2.    The UE detects that the PCI of cell B meets the
measurement configuration and reports it to cell A. If the
source eNodeB detects that its NCL does not include the
PCI of cell B, it proceeds to the following step.

3.    The source eNodeB instructs the UE, using the newly

discovered PCI as a parameter, to read other parameters
of cell B, such as CGI.
4.    The source eNodeB schedules appropriate measurement gaps to
allow the UE to read the CGI and other parameters of cell B over the
BCH.

5.    The UE reports the source eNodeB the CGI and other parameters
of cell B.
The source eNodeB adds the newly detected neighboring cell to its
inter-RAT NCL and adds the neighbor relation to the inter-RAT NRT.
 Inter-RAT Fast ANR
After inter-RAT fast ANR is activated, the eNodeB delivers the inter-RAT measurement
configuration to the UE and instructs the UE to detect neighboring GERAN, UTRAN, and CDMA
cells by using periodic measurements.
The principles of inter-RAT fast ANR are the same as those of intra-RAT fast ANR
PCI Collision Handling
A PCI collision occurs if two cells in an NCL have the same PCI but different ECGIs. PCI collisions
may be caused by improper network planning or abnormal neighboring cell coverage (also
known as cross-cell coverage). If two intra-frequency neighboring cells have the same PCI,
interference will be caused.
When a PCI collision occurs, the eNodeB cannot determine the target cell for a handover. This
deteriorates the handover performance and reduces the handover success rate. Therefore,
eliminating PCI collisions is an important issue in network optimization.
After a PCI collision is eliminated, the PCI is unique in the coverage area of the cell and unique in
the neighbor relations of the cell.
PCI collision detections are triggered after intra-RAT ANR updates neighboring cells. PCI collision
handling involves automatically detecting PCI collisions and reallocating PCIs.
PCI  reallocation is a process of allocating a new PCI to a cell whose PCI collides with the PCI
of another cell. This aims to eliminate PCI collisions.
If Optimization Analysis Mode is set to Immediate or Scheduled, the M2000 triggers PCI
reallocation in the mode specified by the value of Optimization Analysis Mode. The M2000
also provides suggestions on PCI reallocation upon receiving a PCI collision alarm.
ICIC
 Overview ICIC ICIC
All physical resource blocks (PRBs) occupied by user
equipment (UEs) in a cell are mutually orthogonal in
the frequency domain; therefore, intra-cell
interference is very low. However, inter-cell DL UL
interference is relatively high because the frequency
reuse factor is 1, in which case every cell can provide
services over the entire system band. For cell edge Static Dynamic Static Dynamic
users (CEUs), the impact of the inter-cell interference
is especially severe. Therefore, to increase the cell
capacity and CEU throughput, inter-cell interference
must be mitigated.
 ICIC is a technology that collaborates with power control and media access control
(MAC) scheduling technologies to mitigate inter-cell interference. ICIC divides the entire
system band into three frequency bands and uses different frequency bands at the edge
of neighboring cells. CEUs, which cause high interference or may be sensitive to
interference, are preferentially scheduled in the cell edge bands to mitigate inter-cell
interference. The interference mitigation enhances the network coverage and improves
the CEU throughput
 Technical Principles of ICIC
Key Concept:
A3 Event for ICIC
CEU/CCU
Power Control
MAC Scheduling
The relationships between the key techniques
are described as follows:
i) CEU/CCU identification is a technique of
identifying the UE type (CEU or CCU) based on
event A3.
ii) Edge band mode assignment is a technique
of allocating different edge bands to
neighboring cells. Edge band adjustment is a
technique of expanding or shrinking the edge
band of a cell based on inter-cell interference
and the cell load. Edge band mode assignment
and edge band adjustment collaborate to
determine the edge band of each cell.
iii) Power control and MAC scheduling
collaborate to allocate PRBs to UEs based on
cell edge bands and UE types. PRBs in edge
bands are mainly allocated to CEUs, and those
in center bands are mainly allocated to CCUs.
CEU/CCU Identification
Principles
When initially accessing a network, a UE is recognized as a CCU by the serving cell; after a
handover, the UE is recognized as a CEU by the target cell. After a short period following the
initial access or handover, the eNodeB starts to use event A3 for ICIC (referred to as ICIC event
A3 in this document) to determine whether the UEs are CEUs or CCUs.

eNodeBs identify CEUs and CCUs based on ICIC event A3 as

follows:
i) If an ICIC event A3 report contains the measurement
result only about the serving cell of a UE, the eNodeB treats
the UE as a CCU. An example of this is when the UE moves
from the cell edge to the cell center.
ii) If an ICIC event A3 report contains the measurement
result about at least one neighboring cell, the eNodeB treats
the UE as a CEU.
ICIC Event A3 Based on RSRP Measurement
Entering Condition for ICIC Event A3
Leaving Condition for ICIC Event A3
More Parameter of ICIC Event A3
 Edge Band Mode Assignment
Edge band mode assignment is a technique of
allocating different edge bands to neighboring
cells. There are three edge band
modes: MODE1, MODE2, and MODE3, which
represent low-, medium-, and high-frequency
bands, respectively. The bandwidth of each
band is about 1/3 of the physical downlink
shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink
shared channel (PUSCH) bandwidth. The PRBs
available to CEUs in a cell using a specific edge
band mode correlate with the ICIC policy and
system bandwidth. The policy can be either
dynamic ICIC or static ICIC.
If there are three cells per eNodeB, as shown
in Figure , neighboring cells use different edge
band modes so that CEUs in the cells are
served by different frequency bands in the
system band. Theoretically, the use of three
edge band modes can eliminate inter-cell
interference in the frequency domain.
Edge Band Adjustment (Only in
Dynamic ICIC)
There are two ICIC policies: static ICIC and dynamic ICIC. The difference between them is that
only dynamic ICIC adjusts edge bands.

i) Edge band expansion condition

The current cell expands its edge band if its edge band is heavily loaded while the edge bands in
its neighboring cells are lightly loaded. Figure is used as an example to describe edge load
evaluation: Yellow grids for the current cell represent the PRBs defined in static ICIC, and green
grids with Y denote the PRBs that CEUs in the current cell actually use beyond the edge band
defined in static ICIC. In this situation, the current cell determines that the number of PRBs
required by CEUs is greater than the number of cell edge PRBs defined in static ICIC. The edge
ii)
loadEdge band
of the shrinking
current cell condition
is high while the edge load of the neighboring cell is low.
− Active shrinking: The current cell actively
shrinks its edge band if its edge load is
relatively low.
− Passive shrinking: When the neighboring cell
expands its actual edge band within the edge
band defined in static ICIC, the current cell
shrinks its edge band if the PRBs used by the
current and neighboring cells collide. Figure
shows an example of passive shrinking.
Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO)
• Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) is a feature that is
applicable to the Self-Organizing Network (SON). It enables
automatic optimization of handover-related parameter settings.
Through handover scenario identification and handover
measurements in the scenarios, the MRO feature optimizes the
handover-related parameter settings based on the measurement
results.
• MRO is aimed at minimizing handover failures, service drops, and
undesirable handovers such as premature handovers, delayed
handovers, and ping-pong handovers. It helps resolve problems
such as deteriorated user experience and avoids a waste of
network resources caused by incorrect parameter settings.
 Overview of MRO
• 1.   Handover scenario identification
The characteristics of abnormal handovers are analyzed, and the scenarios for premature
handovers, delayed handovers, and ping-pong handovers are defined. During a handover, the
MRO feature identifies the handover scenario.
• 2.   Handover scenario handling
Within an MRO period, the eNodeB measures the number of abnormal handovers that are
identified in the handover scenario identification process. When an MRO period arrives, the
eNodeB determines how to modify the parameters based on the number of abnormal
handovers and the threshold for the number of abnormal handovers.
• 3.   Result monitoring
After the parameters are modified, the handover-related counters are monitored. If the
handover performance improves, the parameter settings are not rolled back during the next
MRO period. If the handover performance deteriorates, the parameter settings are rolled
back during the next MRO period.
 Intra-RAT MRO
• Intra-Radio Access Technology (RAT) MRO is a process in which the LTE parameters related to
intra-frequency or inter-frequency handover are optimized. An intra-frequency handover is
triggered by event A3, and an inter-frequency handover is triggered by events A2 and A4.
Therefore, the parameters to be changed are the Cell Individual Offset (CIO) for event A3, CIO for
event A4, and threshold for event A2
• Scenario: premature, delayed, or ping-pong handover
 Premature Handover
• Scenario 1: After receiving a handover command, a UE experiences a radio link failure
(RLF) during the handover to the target cell. Then, the UE is handed over back to the
source cell or other cells during radio resource control (RRC) connection
reestablishment. This indicates that the UE was mistakenly handed over to the target cell
because the signal quality of the source cell was still satisfactory for the UE or the
handover conditions were easily met in the target cell.
• Scenario 2: After receiving a handover command, a UE camps on the target cell for a
short period before an RLF occurs. When the RLF occurs, the RRC connection is
reestablishment in the source cell or other cells for the UE. This indicates that the UE
was mistakenly handed over to the target cell because the signal quality of the target cell
fluctuated significantly or the handover conditions were easily met in the target cell.
• The number of premature handovers increases by one for the corresponding
neighboring cell pair in the neighbor relation table (NRT) in either of the scenarios.

Parameter: Lower CIO for Event

Delayed Handover
A delayed handover is a process in which an RLF occurs in the source cell and the RRC
connection is reestablished in a non-source cell before the UE receives a handover command. In
a delayed handover, the UE moves out of the source cell.

Handovers in the LTE system are classified into intra-frequency and inter-frequency handovers.
An intra-frequency handover is triggered by event A3, and an inter-frequency handover is
triggered by events A2 and A4. Event A2 determines whether to deliver inter-frequency
measurement reports. If the parameters related to event A2 or A4 are incorrectly set, the
delivery of inter-frequency measurement reports is delayed, resulting in a delayed handover.
Delayed inter-frequency handovers are classified into the following types, which are measured
separately:

l Delayed handover unrelated to event A2

If a measurement report for event A2 is available and the eNodeB successfully delivers the inter-
frequency measurement report and activates gap patterns, a delayed handover occurs because
the UE moves out of the source cell.
l Delayed handover related to event A2
If no measurement report for event A2 is available or if the eNodeB fails to deliver the inter-
frequency measurement report and activate gap patterns, a delayed handover occurs because
the UE moves out of the source cell.
Parameter: Increase CIO for Event
Ping-Pong Handover

shows the ping-pong handover decision. When the ping-pong handover decision is performed,
period 2 is compared with the threshold for the ping-pong handover period. If the value of
period 2 is smaller than the value of the threshold PingpongTimeThd, a ping-pong handover
occurs. A ping-pong handover indicates that cell B has poorer signal quality than cell A and
therefore is not qualified as the target cell for the handover.

Parameter : decrease CIO for both cells