RESEARCH


 WHAT IS A RESEARCH?

Recherché
- it is the “act of searching closely”

RE – “again”
SEARCH – “to look for”
DEFINITION OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

“Descriptive research aims to
describe the nature of a situation
as it exists at the time of the study
and to explore the causes of a
particular phenomenon”
- Traverse (1978)
DEFINITION OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

“Descriptive research in terms of seeking
familiarity with the subject, portrays
selected characteristics of the subject
accurately, and provides the necessary
background for the information of a more
precise problem for subsequent more
specific study and development of
hypothesis”
- Parel, et. Al. (1978)
DEFINITION OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Best and Khan (1989) defines it “as a
design that describes WHAT IS?” concern
with the conditions or relationship that exist,
opinions that are held, process that are going
on, effects that are evident, or trends that are
developing.
It is primary concerned with the present,
although it often considers past events and
influence as they related to current
conditions.
 CATEGORIES OF
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH

Empirical Approach
Knowledge is gain through
direct observation and
experimentation.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH

Observation
Your awareness of your
environment constitutes your
ideas.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH

Question
Knowledge comes from
inquiries that are answerable.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH

Hypotheses
An educated guess
Attempt to explain a
phenomena
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH

Experiment
The given hypothesis should
assure testability in a condition
for accuracy and reliability of
results.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH

Experiment
The given hypothesis should
assure testability in a condition
for accuracy and reliability of
results.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH

Conclusion
The process of making
inferences involves concrete
data to rule out opinions. A
conclusion must be objective and
supported by analysis of data.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH

Replication
This means doing the same
study once again to a different
set of participants to the test
the soundness of the obtained
result.
Essential Purposes of Replication

Establishment of reliability of findings.

Discovery of new knowledge.

Ascertainment of the generalizability of

result.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Knowledge is established.
Perceptions are corrected.
Phenomena are validated.
Present solutions are tested for
effectivity.
Problems are solved.
 MAJOR APPROACHES
USED IN RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE
APPROACH
- aims to provide description of
characteristics, kind and quality of a
subject, while interpreting and
attempting to understand an event.
 MAJOR APPROACHES
USED IN RESEARCH

QUANTITATIVE
APPROACH
- Test hypotheses and makes
predictions through measured
amounts, and ultimately describes
an event using numerical figures
 ADVANTAGES OF
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

It uses confirmatory scientific methods.
In examining numbers taken from the
data, a certain level of bias is removed.
The generalizability of findings is high.
Main Characteristics of the
Quantitative Approach

The data are usually gathered using
more structured research instruments.
The results are based on larger sample
sizes that are representative of the
population.
The research study can be usually be
replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability.
Main Characteristics of the
Quantitative Approach

The researcher has a clearly defined
research question to which objective
answers are sought.
All aspects of the study are carefully
designed before data are collected.
Data are in the form of numbers and
statistics.
Main Characteristics of the
Quantitative Approach

The project can be used to
generalize concepts more widely,
predict future results or investigate
causal relationships.
The researcher uses questionnaires
or other forms of research tools to
collect numerical data.
 Strengths of the
Quantitative Approach

Quantitative approach
involves a greater number of
subjects and enables a broader
study, as well as enhancing
the generalization of the
results.
Main Characteristics of the
Quantitative Approach

Study results are more objective
and accurate. Usually, to support
a certain generalization by using
a summary of data, quantitative
research employs certain
procedures on a few variables to
ensure the reliability of data.
Main Characteristics of the
Quantitative Approach

Quantitative research, when the
right procedure is used, can be
replicated, as well as analyzed in
comparison with other similar works.
You can summarized vast resources
of information and make
comparisons across categories and
over time.
Main Characteristics of the
Quantitative Approach

Personal bias can be avoided
by keeping a “distance” from
participating subjects and
employing facilitators unknown
to them.