ENGLISH LANGUAGE UNIT

LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT
What is conjunction?

 Joins sentences together and often

make them more compact
 Examples: and, or, but, although,
because, etc.
 Divided into 2 classes:
a) Coordinating conjunctions
b) Subordinating conjunctions
A conjunction helps us join two short
sentences together to make a longer
one.

The cat is brown. Conjunctio

n
The cat is fat.

The cat is brown and the

cat is fat.
With more precise writing we have to
think about using other conjunctions.

Read the following

letter with your
partner. Focus on the
underlined words.
Dear Mr Agard and Ms Nichols,
I like the book you wrote called Caribbean dozen. I
say one of the poems while I am skipping. I’ve
been saying that poem since I was four but now I
say the version in your book. I look at the book
everyday so that I can learn the last verse. Mrs
Bradley reads us poems when we have finished
our work. Martin likes the one about the chocolate
bars because it is only five words long. I like
writing poems though I’m not as good at it as
Sheena. I am better if nobody bothers me. I could
write you a poem about my friend’s hamster or I
could draw Mrs Bradley’s cat for you. I like the
picture of the rabbit and I like the poem too. I want
a rabbit but I am not allowed one.

Love from
Here is a list of the conjunctions
we have just read:

and, while, since,

but, so that, when,
because, though,
if, and or.
Try and join these ‘simple’ sentences
using the list of conjunctions to make a
‘complex’ sentence.
The cat is brown. and, while,
since, but, so
His mother was brown. that, when,
because,
I like playing football. though, if,
and or.
I’m not as good as my friend.

I have not had much sleep.

My brother started to learn the drums.
 later
when
additionally because
Conjunctions therefore
if
and
with
earlier
Connectives
Words that link parts of text

and but
which
furthermore however
Coordinating conjunctions
 “Coordinating” means of equal rank
 joins together clauses of equal rank
 E.g. and, both…and, but, for, whereas,
or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…
but also
 connects nouns, verbs, adjectives,
sentences
Coordinating conjunctions
 Cumulative or Copulative which merely
add one statement to another:-
We carved not a line, and we raised not a
stone.

 Adversative which express opposition or

contrast between two statements:-
He is slow, but he is sure.
I was annoyed, still I kept quiet.
Coordinating conjunctions
 Disjunctive or Alternative which express a
choice between two alternatives:-
She must weep, or she will die.
Either he is mad, or he feigns madness.

 Illative which express an inference:-

Something certainly fell in for I heard a
splash.
Subordinating conjunctions

 joins a clause to another on which it

depends for its full meaning
 E.g. after, although, because, while,
till, unless, even though, before, as
long as, once, as if, etc.
 Divided into 8 classes
Subordinating conjunctions
1. Time conjunctions
 after,before, since, until, till, when,
whenever, while, now that, as
 I would die before I lied.
 Many things have happened since I saw you.

2. Place conjunctions
 where, wherever
 He found his watch where he had left it.
Subordinating conjunctions

3. Cause or reason conjunctions

 as, because, since
 My strength is as the strength of ten,
because my heart is pure.
 Since you wish it, it shall be done.
 As he was not there, I spoke to his
brother.
Subordinating conjunctions
4. Concession conjunctions
 although, even if, though, whether…or, while,
as
 He finished first though he began late.

5. Conjunctions of condition
 except…that, if, unless
 Baba will go if Nana goes.
Subordinating conjunctions

6. Conjunctions of manner or degree

 as, as…as, as if, as though, so…as, than
 He is taller than I am.
 His bark is worse than his bite.
Subordinating conjunctions
7. Conjunctions of purpose
 in order that, so that, that
 We eat so that we may live.

8. Conjunctions of consequence or result

 so that, so…that
 He was so tired that he could scarcely
stand.
 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Susie saw a dog.

The dog only had three legs.
 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Susie saw a dog.

The dog only had three legs.
 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Susie saw a dog,

Conjunction

only had three legs.

 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

because
but
usie saw a dog, which
only had three legs.
when
with
which
 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Susie saw a dog.

The dog only had three legs.

Susie saw a dog, which only had three legs.

 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Sarah ran away from the dog.

The dog barked at Sarah.

 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Sarah ran away from the dog.

The dog barked at Sarah.

 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Sarah ran away from the dog.

The dog barked at Sarah.

 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Sarah ran away,

Conjunction

the dog barked.

 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Sarah ran away, whenthe dog barked.

because

with
but
 Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Sarah ran away from the dog.

The dog barked at Sarah.

Sarah ran away when the dog barked.

Sarah ran away because the dog barked.
Sarah ran away until the dog barked.
THANK YOU