Soil Mechanics

CEET422
The Lasallian Prayer

“Let us remember
that we are in the holy presence
of God.”

Sunday, March Prepared by: Engr. Jeric Sarte 2

15, 2020
Ang Panalanging Lasalyano

“Ating alalahanin
na ang Diyos ay ating kapiling.”

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15, 2020
Gospel

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15, 2020
The Lasallian Prayer

“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of
Thee.”

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.
Sunday, March Prepared by: Engr. Jeric Sarte 5
15, 2020
Ang Panalanging Lasalyano

“Ipagpapatuloy ko, O Diyos,

ang lahat ng aking gawain
upang Ikaw ay lalong pakaibigin.”

San Juan Bautista de La Salle, ipanalangin mo kami.

Hesus, manahan ka sa aming puso, magpakailanman.

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15, 2020
Permeability
Soils are permeable due to the existence of interconnected voids
through which water can flow from points of high energy to points
of low energy.

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 Bernoulli’s equation
• 
where:
h = total head
u = pressure
v = velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
Z = elevation head
Flow of water through soil is very slow that the term containing the
velocity head can be neglected. Thus, the equation is reduced to

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 Bernoulli’s equation

•  The head loss between

points A and B given by hB –
hA can be expressed as the
hydraulic gradient, i.

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 Bernoulli’s equation

•   the hydraulic gradient is increased

When
gradually, the flow remains laminar in
Zones I and II, and the velocity, v, bears
a linear relationship to the hydraulic
gradient.

At a higher hydraulic gradient, the flow

becomes turbulent (Zone III).

In most soils, the flow of water through

the voids can be considered laminar.
Thus,

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 Darcy’s law
•In  1856, Darcy published a simple equation for the discharge velocity
of water through saturated soils, which may be expressed as

where
v = discharge velocity
i = hydraulic gradient
k = hydraulic conductivity

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 Darcy’s law
•However,
  the actual velocity of water through the void spaces is
greater than v. This velocity is called seepage velocity and is
mathematically expressed as

where n = porosity
v = average velocity

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 Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic
Conductivity
•Constant-Head
  test
In this type of laboratory setup, the water
supply at the inlet is adjusted in such a way
that the difference of head between the inlet
and the outlet remains constant during the
test period.
The total volume collected may be expressed
as

Where Q = volume of water collected

A = area of cross section of soil specimen
t = duration of water collection
With

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 Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic
Conductivity
•Falling
  Head test
A typical arrangement of the falling-head
permeability test is shown in the figure.
Water from a standpipe flows through the
soil. The initial head difference h1 at time
t = 0 is recorded, and water is allowed to
flow through the soil specimen such that
the final head difference at time t = t2 is
h2.

Or

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 Permeability Test in the Field
by Pumping from Wells
In the field, the average hydraulic
conductivity of a soil deposit in
the direction of flow can be
determined by performing
pumping tests from wells.

During the test, water is pumped

out at a constant rate from a test
well that has a perforated casing.
Several observation wells at
various radial distances are made
around the test well.

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 Permeability Test in the Field
by Pumping from Wells
• 

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 Permeability Test in the Field
by Pumping from Wells
•The
  average hydraulic
conductivity for a confined
aquifer can also be
determined by conducting a
pumping test from a well.

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 Sample problem
For a falling-head permeability test, the following values
are given:
• Length of specimen 200 mm.
• Area of soil specimen 1000 mm2.
• Area of standpipe 40 mm2.
• Head difference at time t =0, 500 mm.
• Head difference at time t =180 sec, 300 mm.
Determine the hydraulic conductivity of the soil in cm/sec.

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 Sample Problem
In a constant-head permeability test, the length of the specimen is
150 mm and the cross-sectional area is 3167 mm2. If k 0.062 cm/sec
and a rate of flow of 160 cm3/min has to be maintained during the
test, what should be the head difference across the specimen? Also,
determine the discharge velocity under the test conditions.

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 Sample Problem
A permeable soil layer is underlain
by an impervious layer, as shown
in the figure. With k = 5.3 x10-5
m/sec for the permeable layer,
calculate the rate of seepage
through it in m3/hr/m width if H =
3 m and a 8°.

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 Sample Problem
Find the flow rate in m3/sec/m
length (at right angles to the cross
section shown) through the
permeable soil layer shown in the
figure. Given H = 8 m, H1 = 3 m, h
= 4 m, S = 50 m, a = 8°, and k =
0.08 cm/sec.

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 Sample problem
The figure shows the cross
section of a levee that is 500
m long and is underlain by a
2-m-thick permeable sand
layer. It was observed that
the quantity of water flowing
through the sand layer into
the collection ditch is 250
m3/day. What is the hydraulic
conductivity of the sand
layer?

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 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in
Stratified Soil
•Equivalent
  Hydraulic
Conductivity for flow parallel
to layer
In the horizontal stratified soil, the hydraulic
gradient is same for all soils. So,

+)

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 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in
Stratified Soil
•Equivalent
  Hydraulic
Conductivity for flow
perpendicular to layer
Figure shows n layers of soil with flow in the vertical
direction. In this case, the velocity of flow through
all the layers is the same. However, the total head
loss, h, is equal to the sum of the head losses in all
layers.

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 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in
Stratified Soil
•The
  equivalent hydraulic conductivity for fl ow parallel and normal to
soil layers is

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 Sample problem
A canal is cut into a soil with a
stratigraphy shown in the figure.
Assuming that flow takes place laterally
and vertically through the sides of the
canal and vertically below the canal,
determine the equivalent hydraulic
conductivity in the horizontal and vertical
directions. The vertical and horizontal
hydraulic conductivities for each layer
are assumed to be the same. Calculate
the ratio of the equivalent horizontal
hydraulic conductivity to the equivalent
vertical hydraulic conductivity for flow
through the sides of the canal.

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 Sample problem
Figure shows three layers of soil in a tube
that is 100 mm 100 mm in cross section.
Water is supplied to maintain a constant-
head difference of 300 mm across the
sample. The hydraulic conductivities of
the soils in the direction of flow through
them are as follows:

Find the rate of water supply in cm3/hr.

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 END OF PRESENTATION

ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

PreparedMarch
Sunday, by: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 28
15, 2020
The Lasallian Prayer

“Let us remember
that we are in the holy presence
of God.”

Sunday, March Prepared by: Engr. Jeric Sarte 29

15, 2020
The Lasallian Prayer

“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of
Thee.”

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.
Sunday, March Prepared by: Engr. Jeric Sarte 30
15, 2020