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Fundamentals
Lesson 1
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
System of Units:
We use the SI (System International) units. The system uses meters (m),
kilograms (kg), seconds (s), ampere (A), degree kelvin (OK) and candela (cd)
as the fundamental units.
We use the following prefixes:
1
milli (m): 10-3 kilo (k): 103
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
What is electricity?
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
i(t) i(t) 0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
t -0.8 t
a c current
d c curren t
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
3 a c cu rren t
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Current
In solving for current in a circuit, we must assume a direction, solve
for the current, then reconcile our answer. This is illustrated below.
I1 = 4 A I2 = - 3 A
C ircuit 1 C ircuit 2
(a ) (b )
+ .
a
v=4v vab = 4 v
.
v=4v
- b
+
The negative sign for 6 v
v = -6 v indicates that if the red lead of a
voltmeter is placed on + terminal
and the black lead on the – terminal
-
the meter will read downscale or –6v.
A digital meter would read –6 v.
What would an analog meter do?
7
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Voltage
w (2)
v
q
This can be expressed in differential form as,
dw
v (3)
dq
w: energy in joules q: charge in coulombs
8
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Power
Power is defined as the time rate of change of doing work. We
express this as,
dw
p (3)
dt
We can write equation (3) as follows:
dw dq (4)
p vi
dq dt
p0 (5)
10
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Power and Energy
When we pay our electric bills we pay for (watt)(hours) but
because this is such as large number we usually think kWH.
Cost of 1 kWH is approx. 4 – 8 cents.
A profile of the power you use during a day may be as shown below.
The energy we pay for is the area under the power-time curve.
t t
w pdt t vidt (6)
11 to o
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Power
We adopt a passive sign convention in order to define the sign of
supplied power and the sign of absorbed power. Consider the following.
I
+ +
source vs load
vL
_ _
dq
i (t ) (7)
dt
13
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Power
We consider the following examples:
I=4A I=4A I=4A I=4A
_ _
+ +
+ - +
14
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements:
For the present time we will be concerned only with sources. The types
of sources we consider are independent and dependent.
15
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Ideal independent voltage source
An ideal dependent voltage source is characterized as having a
constant voltage across its terminals, regardless of the load
connected to the terminals.
Most often
Sometimes
v(t) _+ used E used
16
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Ideal independent current sources
An ideal independent current source is characterized as
providing a constant value of current, regardless of the load.
i(t) 1 am p V 1 m eg
-
V=?
17
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Comments about ideal model
18
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Dependent voltage source
A dependent voltage source is characterized by depending on
a voltage or current somewhere else in the circuit. The symbol
For the current source is shown below. Note the diamond shape.
Iy
30
A circuit with a current
+_ 1 0 Iy 12 controlled dependent
5 V
voltage source.
19
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Circuit Elements: Dependent current source
A dependent current source is characterized by depending on
a voltage or current somewhere else in the circuit. The symbol
for a dependent current source is shown as follows:
30
+ A circuit with a voltage
+_ 4vx v 12
5 V x controlled dependent
_
current source
20
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Current, Charge Examples:
Background:
We have seen that,
dq
i (t ) (7)
dt
It follows that,
t
q (t ) i (t )dt q (0) (8)
21
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Current, Charge Examples:
Find the current in a element if the charge flowing through
the element is q(t) = 3t3 + 6t2 +8t –4.
dq d (3t 6t 8t 4)
3 2
i (t )
dt dt
It follows that,
i (t ) 9t 12t 8
2
22
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Current, Charge Examples:
If the current in an electrical device is given by,
i(t) = 2t + 4
With q(0) = 1.5 C
t t
q(t ) i (t )dt q(0) (2t 4)dt 1.5
0 0
q (t ) t 2 4t 1.5
23
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Power Balance Examples:
You are given the circuit shown below.
8 V _
20 V _
+ +
2 A
_
+_ 0 .5 I x 4 V
24 V _ +
Ix = 4 A
Psup24 24 x 4 96 w; Psup8v 4 x8 32 w
Psup0.5 I 32 w; Psup20v 40 w
x
Psup4 v 8 w
Psup 0
Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
circuits
End of Lesson 1
Fundamentals