Probability and Statistics

by
Irsa Sajjad
 Introduction to Statistics

Statistics deal with the collection,

analysis, interpretation, and presentation
of masses of numerical data
 Branches of Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics:
It deal with the concepts and methods concerned
with summarization and description of the important
aspects of numerical data
• Inferential Statistics:
it deals with procedures for making inferences
about the characteristics of population from
sample.
 comparisons
• A cricket player wants to
find his score average for
the last 20 games
• Aamir wants to describe
the variation in his four
test scores in Statistics
• Rashid wants to determine
the average weekly
amount he spent on food
in the past 6 months.
• A cricket player wants to
estimate his chances of scoring
based on his current season
average.
• Based on first four test scores,
aamir would like to predict the
variation in his final statistics
test scores.
• Based on last six months food
bills, Rashid would like to
predict the amount he will
spend on food for the
upcoming year.
 Variables
• A characteristics that varies with an individual
or an object is called variable.
• Types of Data (by nature)
• Qualitative
• Quantitative
• Discrete
• Continuous
 Classification of data (by source)
• Primary data/Raw data
• Secondary data
 Presentation of data
• Classification
• Tabulation
• Graphical Display
 Tabulation
• Frequency Distribution
The organization of a set of data in a table
showing the distribution of the data into
classes or group together with the number of
observation in each class or group is called
frequency distribution.
• It is shown by f.
 Constructing a grouped frequency
distribution
1. Decide the number of classes into which the
data are to be grouped
K= 1 + 3.3 log N

2. Determine the range of variation in the data

R = Xm – Xo
 .

3. Divide the range of variation by the number of

classes to find the size or interval of the class
h = R/k
4. Decide where to locate the class limit
5. Determine the remaining class limits
6. Distribute the data into the appropriate
classes.
7. Finally total the frequency column.
 Question
• Construct a grouped frequency distribution from the
following data, relating to the weight recorded to the
nearest grams of 60 apples picked out at random
from a consignment.
106 107 76 82 109 107 115 93 187 95 123 125
111 92 86 70 126 68 130 129 139 119 115 128
100 186 84 99 113 204 111 141 136 123 90
115 98 110 78 185 162 178 140 152 173 146
158 194 148 90 107 181 137 75 184 104 110
80 118 82.
 Sol.
• K= 1 + 3.3 log N = 1+3.3 log (60) = 7
• R= Xm- Xo = 204-68 = 136
• h = 136/7= 20
 Cont.

Weight Entries Frequency

65-84 76, 82, 70, 68, 84, 78, 75, 80, 82 9
85-104 93,95,92,86,100,99,90,98,90,104 10
105-124 106,107,109,107,115,123,111,119,115,113,111,123,115,110, 17
107,110,118
125-144 125,126,130,129,139,128,141,136,140,131 10
145-164 162,152,146,158,148 5
165-184 178,173,181,184 4
185-204 187.186.204,185.194 5
 Class boundaries
Classes Class Boundries Frequency
65-84 64.5-84.5 9
85-104 84.5-104.5 10
105-124 104.5-124.5 17
125-144 124.5-144.5 10
145-164 144.5-164.5 5
165-184 164.5-184.5 4
185-204 184.5-204.5 5
Class Mark/ Mid point (x)

Classes x Frequency
65-84 74.5 9
85-104 94.5 10
105-124 114.5 17
125-144 134.5 10
145-164 154.5 5
165-184 174.5 4
185-204 194.5 5
 Measure of Central Tendency /
Average
A data set can be summarized by a single
value. Such a value somewhere in the centre
and representing the entire data set, is a value
at which the data have a tendency to
concentrate. The tendency of the observation
to cluster in the central part of the data is
called central tendency.
 Types of average
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
 For ungrouped data
• Mean= Sum of all obs/ no. of obs.
• E.g
• 6,7,4,3,1,2,3,4,3,6
• Mean = (6+7+4+3+1+2+3+4+3+6)/10
=
 Median
• It is a value which divide a data set that have
been ordered, into two equal parts.
 Mode
• It is a value which occur most frequent in the
data set.