CARBOHYDRATES

• Carbohydrates are among the most abundant

biochemical in the world.
• Carbohydrate molecules are composed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in
approximately 1:2:1 ratio with a formula
(CH2O)n.
• This formula explains the origin of the word
“carbohydrate” which means “carbon plus
water”.
• Carbohydrates are very effective energy-
yielding nutrients and building materials.
 TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES
 1.MONOSACCHARIDE
• Monosaccharide (comes from the
greek word “monos”: single,
“saccar”: sugar) is the simplest form
of carbohydrate with the chemical
formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
• This consists of only one sugar unit.
 EXAMPLES OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
 GLUCOSE
• Also known as dextrose or grape sugar is
the only form of sugar used by the body
that provides energy to fuel al cellular
processes.
• The most abundant carbohydrate in the
blood that is why it is also called blood
sugar.
• Glycosuria is the term for glucose present
in urine.
 FRUCTOSE
• Is considered the sweetest among the
sugar being twice as sweet as glucose.
• It is found in fruits, honey and corn
syrups.
• It is metabolized directly, but is also
readily converted to glucose in the liver.
 GALACTOSE
• Is obtained from milk and an important
component that serves as a marker that
can help identify blood types.
• It is less than half as sweet as glucose.
 2. DISACCHARIDES
• Two monosaccharides joined together
with the formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.
• The bond that joins the two simple
sugars is called glycosidic bond.
• Disaccharides should be broken down
into simple sugar through the process of
hydrolysis before it can serve as fuel for
cellular activities.
 EXAMPLES OF
DISACCHARIDES
 SUCROSE
• Commonly known as table sugar is a
combination of glucose and fructose and
is considered as excellent natural
preservative.
 LACTOSE
• Found in milk and milk products is
formed by combining glucose and
galactose.
• Lactose intolerance is a common
digestive disorder where the body
cannot fully digest lactose.
 MALTOSE
• Found in beer is composed of two
glucose.
• It also provides energy in germinating
seeds.
 3. POLYSACCHARIDES
• Are made up of repeating units of sugar
joined together by glycosidic bond.
• These can be classified as structural
polysaccharides which are components
of structural parts of living things such as
cell wall of plants and animals and
storage polysaccharides which serve as
storage of energy.
 EXAMPLES OF
POLYSACCHARIDES
• CELLULOSE- the most abundant organic
molecule on earth provides support to cell
walls of plants. The cellulose in plant foods
passes unchanged through our digestive
tract is commonly known as fiber.
• CHITIN- a principal component of
exoskeletons of animals like mollusk and
crustaceans. It is used in making surgical
threads, binders in dyes, fabrics and
adhesives.
• STARCH- a storage polysaccharides
derived from potatoes, wheat, bread,
pasta and other bread products.
Hydrolysis is the major chemical reaction
in the digestion of starchy foods.

• GLYCOGEN- usually referred to as animal

starch is stored in the liver and muscle.