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Hydraulics
2111
2005
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Hydraulics
Objective
- Analysis of pipe flow system
- Head losses in pipes
- Flow measurements
- Small diameter gravity and vaccum sewers
- Introduction to tutorial questions
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1 2
E1 = E2 ± ΔE
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Bernoulli’s equation
BE is used in analysis of pipe flow
It states that total energy remains constant along
a stream line (That is total head is constant)
It uses certain assumptions
– Flow is steady
– Fluid is incompressible
– Valid at two points along a single streamline
The hydraulic grade and the energy line are
graphical presentations of the Bernoulli’s
equation (BE)
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v21 /2g H1
Hydraulic grade line H2
v22/2g
P1/ ρg P2/ ρg
V
1 2
Z1 Z2
Reference level
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Energies, Head
EGL H2
v22/2g Piezometric head
HGL
P2/ ρg Pressure head
2
Z2 Elevation head (potential)
Reference level
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Energies, Heads
H2
Piezometric head
HGL
P2/ ρg Pressure head
Reference level
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Hydraulic gradient
Slope of the hydraulic grade line
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Hydraulic gradient
Slope of the hydraulic grade line
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Hydraulic losses
Friction, minor
ΔE results from a friction between
the water and the pipe wall, and /or
a turbulence developed by
obstructions of the flow
ΔE = hf + hm = Rf Qn (f) + Rm Qn (m)
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Friction Losses
Darcy- Weisbach
nf 8L L
hf Rf Q 2 Q 2
Q 2
gD 5 12.1D 5
– λ = Friction factor (-)
– L = Pipe length (m)
– D = Pipe diameter (m)
– Q = Pipe flow (m3 /s)
2
L V
– Or propotional to the kinetic energy
hf
D 2g
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Friction factor
Flow regime
Laminar flow – Re falls under 2000
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The Moody diagram
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences
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Absolute rougness
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Friction losses
Hazen –Williams
nf 10.68L
hf Rf Q 1.852 4.87 Q 1.852
C D
Or
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Hazen-Williams Factors
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Friction losses
Manning
2
nf 10.29n L 2
hf Rf Q 16 / 3
Q
D
or
1
V R S
2/3 1/ 2
n
L = Pipe length (m)
n = mannings factor ( m-1/3 s)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
Q = Pipe flow (m3 /s)
R = Hydrualic Radius (flow area/wetted perimeter)
S = Slope of energy grade line = hf /L
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Manning factor
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EGL EGL
v21 /2g
v21 /2g HGL
HGL
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Minor losses
Given by
hf = k V2 /2g
K determined experimentally for various fittings
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Flow measurements in pipes
Orifice plates
0 .5
P P
Q CA2 2 2 1
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Flow measurements in open channel
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flow
Sharp crested weir
2
Q Cd L(2 g ) 0.5 H 1.5
3
L = Length of weir, m
Cd = discharge coefficient
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Small diameter sewer collection
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system
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nf 10.68L
hf Rf Q 1.852 4.87 Q 1.852
C D
Or
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–Depth of soil
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Friction Losses
Hazen –Williams
nf 10.68L
hf Rf Q 1.852 4.87 Q 1.852
C D
Or
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Pipe selection
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1.31English
unit !!!!!!!!
R = D/4
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10.68L
h f 1.852 4.87 Q 1.852
C D L
EGL/100 *L
Plot EGL –
begin from
D/S
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References
Water supply and Sewerage – Terence J McGhee
Chapter 3 (Page 24 – 61) (IHNALibrary catlog No. 628.1 MCG)
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THANK YOU
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