Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Modelling
Surface
Water
Soil
Moisture
Ground water
Pores Full of Combination of Air and Water
Unsaturated Zone / Zone of Aeration / Vadose
(Soil Water)
Sustains flows
in streams
Groundwater Concerns?
pollution
groundwater mining
subsidence
Problems with groundwater
Groundwater overdraft / mining / subsidence
Waterlogging
Seawater intrusion
Groundwater pollution
Why Groundwater Modelling is needed?
Groundwater
• The total volume that may be withdrawn annually from the aquifer.
The model will provide the response of the aquifer (water levels,
concentrations, etc.) to the implementation of any management
alternative.
We should have a POLICY that dictates management objectives
and constraints.
Obviously, we also need information about the water demand
(quantity and quality, current and future), interaction with other
parts of the water resources system, economic information, sources
of pollution, effect of changes on the environment---springs,
rivers,...
GROUND WATER MODELING
WHY MODEL?
A Powerful Tool
for furthering our understanding
of hydrogeological systems
• Groundwater flow
calculate both heads and flow
• Governing Equation
(Darcy’s law + water balance equation)
with head (h) as the dependent variable
• Boundary Conditions
• Initial conditions (for transient
problems)
Derivation of the Governing Equation
R Δx Δy Q
Δz
Δx
Δy
1. Consider flux (q) through REV
2. OUT – IN = - ΔStorage
3. Combine with: q = -K grad h
Law of Mass Balance + Darcy’s Law =
Governing Equation for Groundwater Flow
-------------------------------------------------------------
--
div q = - Ss (h t) (Law of Mass Balance)
q = - K grad h (Darcy’s
Law)
h h
h
(K x ) (K y ) (K z
)0
x x y y z
z
with a source/sink term
h h h
(K x ) (K y ) (K z )R
*
x x y y z z
General governing equation for transient,
heterogeneous, and anisotropic conditions
h h h h
( Kx ) ( Ky ) ( K z ) Ss R *
x x y y z z t
Specific Storage
Ss = ΔV / (Δx Δy Δz Δh)
Δh
Δh
S=V/AΔh
S = Ss b Confined aquifer
Unconfined aquifer
Specific yield Storativity
h h h
(Tx ) (Ty )S R
2D confined:
x x y y t
2D unconfined: h h h
(hK x ) (hK y )S R
x x y y t
• Analytical Solutions: h=
f(x,y,z,t) (example: Theis
equation)
• Numerical Solutions
Finite difference methods
Finite element methods
K1
K2
K3
K4
Finite difference models
may be solved using:
• a computer program
(e.g., a FORTRAN program)
Analytical
Numerical
Modelling Protocol
Establish the Purpose of the Model
Develop Conceptual Model of the System
Select Governing Equations and Computer Code
Model Design
Calibration
Calibration Sensitivity Analysis
Model Verification
Prediction
Predictive Sensitivity Analysis
Presentation of Modeling Design and Results
Post Audit
Model Redesign
Purpose - What questions do you want the
model to answer?
answer?
Generic:
Generic:Used
Usedininaahypothetical
hypotheticalsense,
sense,not
notnecessarily
necessarily
for
foraareal
realsite
site
Model “Overkill”?
Steady/Unsteady..1,
Steady/Unsteady..1,2,2,or
or3-D;
3-D;
…Heterogeneous/Isotropic…..Instantaneous/Continuous
…Heterogeneous/Isotropic…..Instantaneous/Continuous
Calibration
Show that Model can reproduce field-
measured heads and flow (concentrations if
contaminant transport)
Results in parameter data set that best
represents field-measured conditions.
Calibration Sensitivity Analysis
Uncertainty in Input Conditions
Determine Effect of Uncertainty on
Calibrated Model
Model Verification
Use Model to Reproduce a Second Set of
Field Data
Prediction
Desired Set of Conditions
Sensitivity Analysis
Effect of uncertainty in parameter values and
future stresses on the predicted solution
Presentation of Modelling
Design and Results
Effective Communication of
Modeling Effort
Graphs, Tables, Text etc.
Postaudit
New field data collected to
determine if prediction was correct
Site-specific data needed to
validate model for specific site
application
Model Redesign
Include new insights into system
behavior
NUMERICAL MODELING
DISCRETIZE
Validate
Sensitivity
Predictions
Similar
Process for
Transport
NUMERICAL MODELING
Model Design
MODELs NEED
Geometry
Material Properties (K, S, T, Φe, R, etc.)
Boundary Conditions (Head, Flux, Concentration etc.)
• Conceptual Model
• Selection of Computer Code
• Model Geometry
• Grid
• Boundary array
• Model Parameters
• Boundary Conditions
• Initial Conditions
• Stresses
Concept Development
• Developing a conceptual model is the initial
and most important part of every
modelling effort. It requires thorough
understanding of hydrogeology, hydrology
and dynamics of groundwater flow.
Conceptual Model
A descriptive representation
of a groundwater system that
incorporates an interpretation of the
geological & hydrological conditions.
Generally includes information about
the water budget. May include
information on water chemistry.
Selection of Computer Code
• Which method will be used depends largely
on the type of problem and the knowledge of
the model design.
• Flow, solute, heat, density dependent etc.
• 1D, 2D, 3D
Model Geometry
• Model geometry defines the size and the
shape of the model. It consists of model
boundaries, both external and internal, and
model grid.
Boundaries
• Physical boundaries are well defined
geologic and hydrologic features that
permanently influence the pattern of
groundwater flow (faults, geologic units,
contact with surface water etc.)
Boundaries
• Hydraulic boundaries are derived from the
groundwater flow net and therefore
“artificial” boundaries set by the model
designer. They can be no flow boundaries
represented by chosen stream lines, or
boundaries with known hydraulic head
represented by equipotential lines.
HYDRAULIC BOUNDARIES
BUT
NO-FLOW BOUNDARY
Neither HEAD nor FLUX is
Specified. Can represent a
Physical boundary or a flow
Line (Groundwater Divide)
SPECIFIED HEAD OR
CONSTANT HEAD BOUNDARY
h = constant
q is determined by the model.
And may be +ve or –ve according
to the hydraulic gradient developed
TYPES OF MODEL BOUNDARY (cont’d)
HEAD DEPENDANT
BOUNDARY
hb = constant
q = c (hb – hm)
and c = f (K,L) and is called
CONDUCTANCE
hm is determined by the model and
its interaction with hb
Boundary Types
Specified Head/Concentration: a special case of constant head (ABC, EFG)
Calibration Targets
associated error
calibration
value
0.80 m
20.24 m
q = KI
H1
H2
In this example, discharge
information helps calibrate R.
Calibration - Remarks
Targets
Parameter values
Sensitivity analysis
Stochastic simulation
How do we “validate” a model so that
we have confidence that it will make
accurate predictions?
Modeling Chronology
1960’s Flow models are great!
“Verification”
requires an independent set of field data
USGS code
Finite Difference Model
• MODFLOW 88
• MODFLOW 96
• MODFLOW 2000
MODFLOW
HST3D
Visual MODFLOW
HAPPY MODELLING