Maternity Nursing

Focus Group 1
Alfi Nurul Imani
Awanda Putri Puspita Sari (1706038771)
Bianti Dwi Ayuputri
Hasna Nida (1606918742)
Karlina Nur Fitria (1706038866)
 Anatomy of Male
Reproductive Systems
Posteri
or View
Sagittal View
External genitalia
External
genitalia
Penis

• A tubular organ containing the end portion of the urethra

• Function: to penetrate the vagina so the sperm can enter the female
reproductive tract.
• has three main regions which are the root, the body or shaft, and the glans
penis (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2015).
Penis

• In a noncircumcised man, the glans penis usually covered by a fold of

skin called the prepuce.
• The inner part of the penis consisted of blood vessels, nerves, erectile
bodies, and urethra (Tortora & Derrickson, 2014).
Penis

• The erectile bodies consisted of corpus spongiosum (surrounds the

penile urethra) and corpora cavernosa (surrounds a central artery or
deep artery of the penis).
Scrotum
• The scrotum is a sac that contains paired oval testes .
• Location: at the root of the penis & hangs outside the
abdominopelvic cavity.
• Function:
• The position of scrotum provides an optimal temperature for
spermatogenesis in the testes (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013)
• The scrotum has a mechanism that involves two sets of muscles called
dartos muscle and cremaster muscles to maintain a constant intrascrotal
temperature despite the temperature changes in the environment.
Scrotum
• The dartos muscle
• A layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia that essential to reduce
heat loss when the temperature is cold.
• Makes the scrotum shorter, heavily wrinkled, and also makes the testes
closer to the body.
• The cremaster muscles
• The bands of skeletal muscle that essential to reduce heat when the
temperature is warm.
• Makes the scrotal skin flaccid and loose to increase the surface area for
cooling or sweating and also hang the testes lower, away from the body trunk
(Marieb & Hoehn, 2013).
Male penireum
• The male perineum role in the
male reproductive systems are
to suspends the scrotum and
contains the root of the penis,
and the anus (Marieb & Hoehn,
2013).
Internal genitalia
Testes & Epididymis
Testes
• Location: inside the scrotum, at
the root of the penis.
• Function:
• Place for spermatogenesis or
sperm production.
• Responsible for the creation of
testosterone, the major male
hormone.
Testes
• Function of testosteron:
• Stimulates maturation of sex
organs.
• Development of secondary sexual
characteristics such as hair
growth, muscle growth, and
deepening of the voice.
• Maintenance of libido.
Epididymis
• Location: on top of each testis.
• Function:
• To provide a place for the maturation of the sperm so the sperm can survive
the female reproductive systems environment and fertilize the ovum. In the
epididymis, sperm gains more mitochondria as the energy provider and
develops flagella as the propeller to reach the ovum.
Vas Deferens
• The vas deferens and blood vessels that serve the testes run within a
bundle that called the spermatic cord.
• Function:
• Brings the sperm from the epididymis into the urethra.
The Acessory Glands
Seminal vesicles
• Location: behind the bladder.
• Function:
• Producing 60% of semen fluid.
• Producing alkaline to neutralize acidic environments of male’s urethra and
female’s vagina.
• Producing fructose so the mitochondria have sugar that can be used to
produce ATP or energy.
Prostate glands
• Location: surrounding the proximal portion of the urethra, right
under the urinary bladder.
• Function:
• Produce prostatic fluid (20-30% of semen fluid) which characterized as a
slightly acidic solution and also contains seminalplasmin that has antibiotic
properties to prevent urinary tract infections in males (Martini et al., 2015).
• The prostatic fluid also helps to increase the mobility of sperm inside the
vagina (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013).
Bulbourethral glands
• Location: at the base of the penis & covered by the fascia of the
urogenital diaphragm (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2015).
• Function:
• Produce a thick alkaline mucus to neutralize the urethra from any urinary
acids and lubricate the glans penis and vagina in the coitus (Marieb &
Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015; McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote,
2014).
 Urethra
• Location: at the terminal
portion of the male duct
system.
• Prostatic regions: surrounded
by the prostate
• Membranous regions: in the
urogenital diaphragm
• Spongy regions: run through
the penis and opens to the
outside at the external urethral
orifice

(Marieb & Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015)

 Urethra
• Function:
• In the male reproductive
systems, urethra is a passage
for sperm to get to the outside
of the body

(Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015;

McCance et al., 2014; Tortora & Derrickson, 2014)
Spermatogene
sis

Marieb & Hoehn, 2013

Hormonal Control
of Testicular
Function
 Hormonal Control
of Testicular
Function
1. The hypothalamus releases
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) to anterior pituitary cells via
the blood of the hypophyseal portal
system.
2. The GnRH binds to pituitary cells
(gonadotropic cells), prompting
them to secrete FSH and LH into the
blood.

Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015

 Hormonal Control
of Testicular
Function
3. The FSH stimulates spermatogenesis
indirectly by stimulating the
sustentocytes (sertoli cells) to release
androgen-binding protein (ABP). ABP
keeps the concentration of testosterone
in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells
high, which in turn stimulates
spermatogenesis. In this way, FSH
enhances testosterone’s stimulatory
effects.

Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015

 Hormonal Control
of Testicular
Function
4. LH binds to the interstitial
endocrine cells in the soft
connective tissue surrounding
the seminiferous tubules,
prodding them to secrete
testosterone (and a small
amount of estrogen). Locally,
rising testosterone levels serve
as the final trigger for
spermatogenesis.

Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015

 Hormonal Control
of Testicular
Function
5. The testosterone entering the
bloodstream exerts a number
of effects at other body sites. It
stimulates maturation of sex
organs, development and
maintenance of secondary sex
characteristics, and libido (sex
drive).

Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015

 Hormonal Control
of Testicular
Function
6. Rising levels of testosterone
feed back to inhibit
hypothalamic release of GnRH
and act directly on the anterior
pituitary to inhibit
gonadotropin release.

Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015

 Hormonal Control
of Testicular
Function
7. Inhibin, a protein hormone
produced by the sustentocytes
(sertoli cells), serves as a
“barometer” of the normalcy of
spermatogenesis. When the
sperm count is high, more inhibin
is released, inhibiting anterior
pituitary release of FSH and
hypothalamic release of GnRH.
When the sperm count falls
below 20 million/ml, inhibin
secretion declines gradually.

Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013; Martini et al., 2015

Male Sexual Response
Penile Erection (parasympathetic) 1

(Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013)

Penile Erection (parasympathetic) 2

(Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013)

Lubrication (parasympathetic)
• Function of lubrication:
• Minimizes grating, painful
sensations that inhibit rather
than excite sexual sensations
(Hall, 2016).
Ejaculation (sympathetic)

(Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013)

Ejaculation (sympathetic)

(Hall, 2016; Marieb & Hoehn, 2013)

Ejaculation (sympathetic)
Video Recommendation
• Male reproductive systems:
https://youtube.com/watch?v=_ce-IVjQYws
• Male sexual responses: https://youtube.com/watch?v=XLoLvz0r550
• Spermatogenenis: https://youtube.com/watch?v=QUJ-xnv53UM
• Hormonal control of testicular function:
https://youtube.com/watch?v=k4e70nG3T8U
Female Reproductive System
Internal Reproductive System

Ovaries

Uterine Tubes

Uterus

Vagina
1
Ovaries Ovaries

• Size: length 4 cm; diameter 2 cm; thick 1.5 cm

• Location: in the each side of uterus, below the
fallopian tubes
• Function:
- produce gonads
- secrete female sex hormones including:
1. Progesterone
2. Estrogens
3. Inhibin
4. Relaxing
2
OvariesUterine Tubes

• Size: 10 cm long
• Location: arise from each upper corner of the
uterine body and extend outward and backward
until each opens at its distal end, next to an ovary
Function:
- convey the ovum from the ovaries to the
uterus
- provide a place for fertilization of the ovum
by sperm
3
Ovaries Uterus
4
Ovaries Vagina

• Size: approximately 10 cm
• Location: extends from the exterior of the body to
the uterine cervix
• Function:
- provide lubrications to facilitate intercourse
- stimulate the penis during the intercourse
- act as a receptacle for semen
- transport tissue and blood during menses to
the outside
- function as the lower portion of the birth
canal during childbirth
Anatomy of The
External Female
Reproductive
System
Anatomy of The External Female Reproductive System
VULVA
• The vulva is an outward appearance of the female reproductive organs that starts from the mons pubis to the edge of the perineum. The vulva
consists of mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, hymen, vestibulum, orificium urethrae externum, and glands in the vaginal wall.
The ovarian cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Ovarian Cycle

(Sherwood, 2016)
There are 3 stages of Ovarian Cycle (Sherwood,
2016):
There are 3 stages of Ovarian Cycle (Sherwood, 2016):

Luteal Phase
• Day 15 – Day 28
• The ruptured follicle left behind in the ovary after release of the ovum
changes rapidly as the granulosa and thecal cells remaining in the
remnant follicle undergo a dramatic structural and functional
transformation. The luteal phase is characterized by the presence of a
corpus luteum (the leftover follicle). Corpus luteum is the main source
of estrogen and progesterone. During the luteal phase, if there is no
conception or implantation, the corpus luteum will experience
regression and will lead to menstrual cycle. Because of the decreasing
of steroid hormone, gonadotropin will increase and will lead to
menstrual cycle.
(Peate &
Nair,
2015)
(Peate & Nair, 2015)
Video on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYSFNwTUkG0
Endometrium Cycle
Menstrual
Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase
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13th Edition. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Khan Academy Medicine. (2014, November 26). The ovarian cycle
| Reproductive system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy.
United States of America.
• Lumen Waymaker. (2019). The Ovarian Cycle, the Menstrual Cycle,
and Menopause. Retrieved from Lumen: Biology for Majors II:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/the-
ovarian-cycle-the-menstrual-cycle-and-menopause/
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