Flow

Mechanical
Multitask
Flow Measurement
Updated on Jan
2006
by Nordin B
Kelling
Instrument LF
Page 1 of 65
Introduction
INSTEP
Case 1:INSTEP
To knowINSTEP
FLOW INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
 INSTEP
How much INSTEP
current flowsINSTEP
throughINSTEP
INSTEPINSTEP
Ammeter A? INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Introduction
INSTEP
Case 2 INSTEP
: To knowINSTEP
FLOW INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
 INSTEP
How much INSTEP
current flows INSTEP
through INSTEP
Ammeter
A?
Introduction
Case 3:INSTEP
GettingINSTEP
Fluids to
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
FLOW
Defination
Fluids flow when there is difference in
INSTEP
pressureINSTEP
between INSTEP
one pointINSTEP INSTEP
to another.
INSTEP
Movement INSTEP INSTEP
from high to lowINSTEP
pressureINSTEP
point.
INSTEP
PressureINSTEP INSTEP
differences inside INSTEP
containedINSTEP
fluid
caused by
INSTEP densityINSTEP
INSTEP difference.
INSTEP INSTEP
Density difference comes from temperature
distribution resulted in circulation of fluid
called convection currents. INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Two ways INSTEP INSTEP
of setting INSTEP
up pressure INSTEP
difference;
by Gravity
INSTEP or Pump.
INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Flow .
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP

Defination:-
INSTEP
 Fluid (INSTEP INSTEP
substances that INSTEP
flow ) in INSTEP
INSTEP
motion.INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Flowrate:-
INSTEP INSTEP
 A certain quantity INSTEP
of fluid
INSTEP whichINSTEP
flows
per
INSTEP unit time.
Factors Affecting Flow
Measurement
Velocity
INSTEP of Fluid
Pipe Friction
INSTEP INSTEP
Viscosity INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
of Fluid
INSTEP INSTEP
Density INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
of Fluid
Velocity of Fluid
Fluid velocity depends on the head
pressure which is forcing the fluid
INSTEPINSTEP
through the pipe.INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
The greater the head pressure, the INSTEP
INSTEP
faster INSTEP
the INSTEP
fluid flow (all otherINSTEP
rate INSTEP
INSTEPremaining
factors INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
constant), and INSTEP
consequently,
INSTEPINSTEP the greater
INSTEP the
INSTEP INSTEP
volume
INSTEPof flow. INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Pipe sizeINSTEP
INSTEP also affects
INSTEPtheINSTEP
flow rate.
INSTEP
For example, doubling the
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP diameter
of a pipe increases the potential flow
Pipe Friction
Pipe friction reduces the flow rate INSTEP

of
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
fluids through pipes therefore,
considered a negative factor.
Because of the friction of a fluid in
INSTEP
INSTEPwith
contact INSTEP INSTEP
a pipe, INSTEP
the flow INSTEP
rate of the
INSTEP
fluid INSTEP
is slower nearINSTEP INSTEP
the walls of theINSTEP
pipe
INSTEP thanINSTEP
at the center.
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
The
INSTEPsmoother,
INSTEP cleaner,
INSTEP and largerINSTEP
INSTEP a
pipe
INSTEP is, the less effect
INSTEP INSTEPpipe frictionINSTEP
INSTEP has
on the overall fluid flow rate.
Density of Fluid
Density of a fluid affects flow rates in
that a more dense fluid requires more
head pressure to maintain a desired INSTEP
flow rate.
INSTEP INSTEP
In fact that, gasesINSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
are compressible,
INSTEP
whereasINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP
liquids essentially INSTEP
are not,
often requires
INSTEP INSTEP that different
INSTEP methods
INSTEP be
INSTEP
used for measuring the flow
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP rates of
liquids, gases, or liquids with gases in
them.
Viscosity of Fluid
Viscosity or the molecular frictionINSTEP

INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP
within a fluid, negatively affects the
flow rate of fluids.
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
Viscosity and pipe friction decrease the
INSTEP INSTEP
flow rate INSTEP
of a fluid walls INSTEP
INSTEP
near the of a
INSTEP
pipe. INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
Viscosity INSTEP
increases INSTEPwith
or decreases INSTEP
changing
INSTEP temperature,
INSTEP INSTEP but not always
INSTEP INSTEP
as mightINSTEP
INSTEP be expected.
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
In liquids, viscosity typically decreases
with increasing temperature.
Reynolds Number
INSTEP
 INSTEP
Describes the flowINSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
for all velocities,
viscosities,
INSTEP and pipeline
INSTEP INSTEPsizes.
INSTEP INSTEP
In general, it defines the ratio of
velocity forces driving the fluid to the
INSTEP INSTEP
viscous forces INSTEP
restraining fluid. INSTEP
INSTEP
the
Reynolds Number
At very low velocities of high viscosities,
RD is low. This type of flow is called
INSTEP INSTEP
laminar flow and isINSTEP INSTEP
represented by INSTEP
INSTEP
ReynoldsINSTEP
numbersINSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
below 2,000
At higherINSTEP
INSTEP velocities or low viscosities
INSTEP the
INSTEP INSTEP
flow breaks up into turbulent eddies.In
the “turbulent” flow the fluid viscosity is
INSTEP INSTEP
less significant andINSTEP INSTEP
the velocity INSTEP
profile
takes onINSTEP
INSTEP a much moreINSTEP INSTEP
uniform shape.INSTEP
Turbulent
INSTEP flow is represented
INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP by INSTEP
Reynolds numbers above 4,000
Between Reynolds number values of
Flow Profiles
Laminar
INSTEP Flow.INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Turbulent
INSTEP FlowINSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Nature of Flow
Stream/laminar
INSTEP
 INSTEP
Occur when INSTEP
successive INSTEP
layer of fluidINSTEP
INSTEP
wave in INSTEP
parallel toINSTEP the direction INSTEP INSTEP
of flow.
Fluid particles direction is in parallel with flow direction


Continue...
Turbulent
INSTEP
 INSTEP
Fluid particles INSTEP
move INSTEP
in direction INSTEP
other than
INSTEP
parallel INSTEPto the direction INSTEP ofINSTEP
flow ( swirlingINSTEP
effect ).INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
Fluid particles
 INSTEP
direction is not INSTEP
in parallel with flow direction INSTEP

Volumetric Flow Rate
Volume of fluid that passes a point at
one time.
INSTEP INSTEP
Q = A INSTEP
xv INSTEP INSTEP
Qvol = Volumetric flow rate
INSTEP INSTEP
A = Cross-sectional
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
area of the pipe
v = Flow velocity
INSTEPA =m
INSTEP
2 INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEPv =INSTEP
m/s INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEPQvol INSTEP
=Axv=m x m/s = INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
2
m3/s
Mass Flow Rate
Amount of mass passes a specific point
over a period of time.
INSTEPINSTEP W = Q INSTEP
x P INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEPW = INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Mass flow rate
INSTEPQvolINSTEP
= Volumetric flow rateINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
INSTEPp = Density
Qvol = m
INSTEPINSTEP
3
/s INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
p = kg/ m3
W or Qm = p x Qvol = kg/ m3 x m3/s =
INSTEP
kg/s INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Types of Flowmeter
Flowmeter
INSTEP :- Equipment
INSTEP INSTEPto measure
INSTEP
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP the
INSTEP
flowrate.
Rate
INSTEPflowmeter ( flowrate
INSTEP meter ) INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Measured the actual rate of flow.
Quantity meter
Measured the total quantity of fluid
INSTEP
flows in aINSTEP
INSTEP given time. INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Units
INSTEPINSTEP SIINSTEP
: INSTEP INSTEP
m3/s, m3/min, m3/D
INSTEP kg/s,
INSTEPkg/min,
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEPtonnes/h
US :
Gallon per min (GPM), Gallon per hour
(GPH) INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
INSTEP
 INSTEP
Cubic foot per minINSTEP INSTEP
(CFD), Barrels perINSTEP
day
(BPD) INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Accuracy In Flow
Measurement
Percent of Rate
Throughout a given range, the
INSTEP INSTEP
uncertainty of flowINSTEP INSTEP
decreases as the INSTEP
INSTEP
flow rateINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
decreases.
Percent INSTEP
INSTEP
 of Span orINSTEP
URV INSTEP INSTEP
The uncertainty remains constant over
the specified range.
INSTEP INSTEP
Repeatability
INSTEP
 INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Repeatability does not imply that a flow
INSTEP INSTEP
measurement INSTEPor
is accurate INSTEP
correct,INSTEP
but
that it isINSTEP
INSTEP the sameINSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
each time.
Head Loss.
Permanent pressure loss is different
INSTEP INSTEP
from pressure INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
drop.
INSTEP
Measured INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP
as a percentage INSTEP
of dP across
orifice. INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
The higher
INSTEP the Beta
INSTEP ratio, INSTEP
INSTEP the lowerINSTEP
the
pressure loss.
Fluid velocity also influence the
magnitude of pressure loss. The faster
INSTEP
the fluidINSTEP
INSTEP moving, INSTEP INSTEP
the greater the INSTEP
pressureINSTEP
INSTEP loss. INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Permanent
INSTEP
 pressure
INSTEP loss value
INSTEP INSTEPmust
INSTEP
therefore be associated with a certain
Beta Factor
Beta Ratio
INSTEP
 INSTEP
Beta Ratio = d/D
INSTEP
 INSTEP
Beta factor INSTEP
range: 0.125 ~INSTEP
0.75 INSTEP
INSTEP
 ThicknessINSTEP INSTEP
of plate should INSTEP
conform toINSTEP
INSTEP standard,INSTEP
certain INSTEP INSTEP
it must not INSTEP
exceed
(1/30 ) xINSTEP
INSTEP D, INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
(1/8 ) xINSTEP
INSTEP d, or (1/8) x ( D-dINSTEP
INSTEP ). INSTEP
Bore
Orifice plate
Common Method of Measuring
Flow
Head type or differential meter INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP
Turbine meter
The Positive Displacement meter
Magnetic flowmeter
Ultrasonic flowmeter
Vortex flowmeter
Rotameter
The Coriolis effect meter
Differential Pressure/ Head
Flowmeter.
Most common method for measurement
of fluid flow in pipes.
INSTEP
 INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
A restriction is placed into the pipe.The
INSTEP
resultingINSTEP
pressureINSTEP
decreaseINSTEP
is INSTEP
proportional
INSTEP to flow
INSTEP rate as
INSTEP follow; INSTEP
INSTEP
All dP meters exhibits a square root
relationship between head and flow
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP
rate, thus limits the
INSTEP
usable flow
range.
Continue...
Requires primary element and a separate
transmitter.
INSTEP
 INSTEP
The differential INSTEP
pressure INSTEPis
developed INSTEP
a
function INSTEP
INSTEP of the flow velocityINSTEP
INSTEP and density of
INSTEP
the fluid.
A manifold & shutoff valves are required to
INSTEP INSTEP
attach the INSTEP
transmitter INSTEP
to the primaryINSTEP
element.INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
INSTEP
 INSTEP INSTEP
Typical restrictive elementsINSTEP INSTEP
used are:
Orifice plate
Venturi tubes
Flow nozzles
Continue...
Standard orifice plate is a circular disk
usually stainless steel
from 1/8 " to 1/2" thick.
INSTEP INSTEP
hole (orifice) INSTEP INSTEP
in the middle INSTEP
a tab projecting side INSTEP
INSTEP
out to one
Plate thickness dependsINSTEP INSTEP
on line size,
flowingINSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
temperature, andINSTEP INSTEP
the dP across
the plate.
Plates INSTEP
INSTEP thicker than 1/8" INSTEP
INSTEP should beINSTEP
beveled
30o~ 45o on the downstream side to
Continue...
Why do
INSTEP we choose
INSTEP INSTEP dp flowmeter?
INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
accuracy INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
& stability
INSTEP
lowerINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
initial cost
INSTEP INSTEP
cost of INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
maintenance/replacement
free from fouling by the settling of
solids
Orifice Plate : Introduction
INSTEP
The INSTEP
simplest INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
and the
cheapest types of DP
INSTEPINSTEP flow INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
elements.
Installed in pipes between
INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
two INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
flanges.
INSTEPINSTEP
Constricts the flowINSTEP
to INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
create INSTEP pressure
differential INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
across
INSTEP plate.
Continue...
Orifice plate inserted in a line causes an
increase in the flow velocity and
INSTEP INSTEP
corresponding INSTEP
decrease inINSTEP INSTEP
pressure
INSTEP INSTEP
downstream INSTEP
of the plate. INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Maximum INSTEP INSTEP
velocity INSTEP
and minimum INSTEP
pressure
at the vena
INSTEP contracta.
Vena contracta - (0.35 ~0.85D downstream depending
on beta ratio and Reynold number)

Orifice Plate : Basic Design
Orifice Plates
Orifice Plate .
Pressure Profile
Continue.
Orifice Plate : Basic
Types
Continue.
Concentric Plate Hole
Formation
Continue...
INSTEP INSTEP
The sharp edge INSTEP
results inINSTEP INSTEP
almost pure
INSTEP INSTEP
line contact INSTEP
between theINSTEP
plate andINSTEP
the
effective
INSTEP flow. INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Any nicks or rounding of the
sharp edge can result in large
INSTEPINSTEP
error. INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Continue...
Three (INSTEP
3 ) importance principal
dimensions in the design of orifice plate:
Diameter ( bore ) of the plate
Thickness of the plate
INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Nature INSTEP
of the orifice edge - rounded,
INSTEP
beveledINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
or square.
Continue...
Concentric plate is not suitable to cope
INSTEP
with INSTEP
difficult INSTEP
conditions INSTEP INSTEP
in metering
INSTEPINSTEP
dirty/viscous INSTEP
fluids; INSTEP
it also give poor INSTEP
disposal rate of condensate
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEPin flowingINSTEP
steam or vapours. To overcome
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP this
problem, segmental or eccentric plates
INSTEP
are INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
utilized.
INSTEP
Segmental INSTEP providesINSTEP
orifice INSTEP a methodINSTEP
for
INSTEPINSTEP
measuring INSTEP
the liquid INSTEP
flow with solidsINSTEP
in
suspension.
INSTEPINSTEP The lower
INSTEPportion opensINSTEP
INSTEP for
the passage of solids to prevent their
build-up.
Continue...
INSTEP INSTEP
Eccentric orifice isINSTEP
used onINSTEP INSTEP
installation
where condensed
INSTEP liquids are
INSTEP INSTEP present
INSTEP in gas
INSTEP
flow measurement, or where undissolved
gasses are present in the measurement of
liquid flow.
Orifice Plate : Turn Down
INSTEP INSTEP
Turn Down is the INSTEP
range of INSTEP
accurateINSTEP
measurement.
Orifice has
INSTEP a turnINSTEP
INSTEP down of INSTEP
3:1 due to
INSTEP
square root relationship between dP and
Flow.
Meaning, if the max flow is 1000m3/hr, the
INSTEP
minimum INSTEP
flow that can beINSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
accurately
INSTEP
sensed by INSTEP INSTEP
the orifice INSTEP
is 1000/3 INSTEP
= 333m 3
/hr.
Below this
INSTEP INSTEP
reading, INSTEP INSTEP
the uncertainty
INSTEP huge
and difficult to determine.
Location of pressure taps
For liquid flow measurement, pressure
taps are generally located in the
INSTEP INSTEP
horizontal plane ofINSTEP INSTEP
the center line of INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
horizontal INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
pipe run.
Gas or vapour
INSTEP INSTEP accumulations
INSTEPINSTEPin the INSTEP
connections between the pipe and the dP
transmitter must be prevented.
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
The dP transmitter mounted INSTEP INSTEP
close-coupled
INSTEP INSTEP
to the pressure INSTEP
taps, INSTEP INSTEP
or connected
through INSTEP
INSTEP downwardINSTEP
sloping INSTEP
connecting INSTEP
pipe shall have sufficient diameter to
allow gas bubble to flow up & back into
Continue...
For gas measurement, precautions to prevent
INSTEP INSTEP
accumulation INSTEP
of liquids are INSTEP
required. INSTEP
INSTEP
 Taps mayINSTEP INSTEP
be installed in theINSTEP INSTEP
top of the line,
with upward sloping connections, or the dP
transmitter may be close-coupled to taps in
INSTEP
the side INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
of the line.
Measurement of gas flow with dP
INSTEP INSTEP
transmitter and three-valve INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
manifold.
Steam flow measurement using
standard manifold
For steam and similar vapors which condensed
INSTEP
at ambientINSTEP INSTEP
temperature, INSTEP
condensing INSTEP
chambers
(or their equivalent), are generally used usually
with down-sloping connection from the side of
INSTEP INSTEP
the pipe to INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
the transmitter.
Standard Tapping
Five common locations for the dP
INSTEP
taps: INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Flange INSTEP
taps INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Vena INSTEP
contractaINSTEP
taps INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
Radius INSTEP
taps INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEPtaps
Full flow/pipe INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Corner
INSTEP taps
Flange taps are used for pipe size 2
inch and larger. It is not
recommended below 2 inch pipe size
INSTEP INSTEP
and cannot belowINSTEP
INSTEP
be used 1.5 inch INSTEP
pipe size.
Orifice Plate : Pressure
tappings
Pressure Tappings
Tapping continue...
INSTEP
 INSTEPtaps
Vena contracta INSTEP INSTEP
use an INSTEP
upstream tap
locationINSTEP
INSTEP 1D upstream
INSTEPof orifice
INSTEP plate. The
INSTEP
downstream tap located at the point of
INSTEP INSTEP
minimum pressure. INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
 INSTEPtaps
Vena contracta INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEPlimited
are normally
INSTEP INSTEP
to pipe size INSTEP
6 inch INSTEP INSTEP
or larger.
Introduction
Vena contracta taps use an
upstream tap location 1D upstream
INSTEP
of orificeINSTEP INSTEP
plate. The INSTEP
downstream tapINSTEP
INSTEP
located atINSTEP INSTEP
the point INSTEP INSTEP
of minimum
pressure.
Vena contracta taps are normally
limited to pipe size 6 inch or larger.
Continue...
Orifice Plate Advantages:
For large-scale metering of natural gas,
its permanent pressure loss can be
tolerated without serious consequences.
INSTEP
SimpleINSTEP
operationINSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
No moving part INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Inexpensive
Continue...
Orifice Plate Disadvantages:
More likely to cause a pileup of solid
matters upstream of the plate.
Sharp edge is eroded rapidly causing
inaccurate meter readings.
Square-root relationship.
INSTEP INSTEP
Poor turn-down ratio.
INSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
 INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
Critical installation requirements.
Venturi Tube
A cylindrical inletINSTEP
sectionINSTEP
followedINSTEP
by a
INSTEP INSTEP
convergent entrance into a cylindrical
throat & a divergent outlet section.
The fluid passes through the convergent
INSTEP
INSTEP
entrance,INSTEP INSTEP
increasing INSTEP
velocity INSTEP
resulting
INSTEP INSTEPpressure
in a differential INSTEPINSTEP
betweenINSTEP
the
inlet & throat.
Flow is a
INSTEP function
INSTEP of the INSTEP
INSTEP square-root of
INSTEP
the differential
INSTEP INSTEPpressure.
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Venturi Tube
INSTEP
 INSTEP
Designed INSTEP
to provide INSTEP
low head loss. INSTEP
More resistant
INSTEP INSTEP to INSTEP
abrasionINSTEP
than orifice
INSTEP
plate.
Largely used to reduce capital expenditure
on pumping equipment and save pumping
energy cost.
Continue..
INSTEPVenturi
INSTEP INSTEP
Tube INSTEP
: Basic Design INSTEP
Continue...

Venturi tube is used for applications
where there is a high solid contents, or
INSTEP INSTEP
where high INSTEP
pressure INSTEP
recovery is INSTEP
desirable.
Venturi Tube Tapping
INSTEP
 LocationINSTEP INSTEP
of pressure INSTEP
tappings INSTEP
for Venturi
INSTEP
tube: INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Upstream
INSTEP
 pressure
INSTEP tapping
INSTEP is located
INSTEP in
INSTEP
the cylindrical entrance section
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP of the
tube 0.5D upstream of the convergent
INSTEP
section. INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
DownstreamINSTEP INSTEP
pressure INSTEP
tapping INSTEP
is located
INSTEP INSTEP
in the throat distance INSTEP
at a INSTEP 0.5d INSTEP
downstream
INSTEP of the
INSTEP convergent
INSTEP INSTEP section.
INSTEP
Venturi Tube: Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages
INSTEP
 INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
simple operation
INSTEP
 low headINSTEP
loss INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
 toleranceINSTEP INSTEP
of high solid INSTEP INSTEP
contents
 long-term
INSTEP reliability
no moving part.
Disadvantage
INSTEP
expensive
INSTEP
 square-rootINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP
pressure-velocity INSTEP
relationship
INSTEP
 INSTEP
poor turn-down INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
ratio
INSTEP
 INSTEP INSTEP
critical installation INSTEP INSTEP
requirements
Pitot Tube
INSTEP
The PitotINSTEP INSTEP
tube (named afterINSTEP INSTEP
Henri Pitot in
INSTEP INSTEPaINSTEP
1732) measures INSTEP
fluid velocity by INSTEP
converting
INSTEP the kinetic
INSTEP INSTEPenergy of the flow
INSTEP INSTEP
into potential energy.
The conversion takes place at the
INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
stagnation INSTEP
point, located atINSTEP
the Pitot INSTEP
tube
INSTEP
entrance.INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
A pressure
INSTEP higher INSTEP
INSTEP than the INSTEP
free-streamINSTEP
(i.e. dynamic)
INSTEP INSTEPpressure
INSTEP results from the
INSTEP INSTEP
kinematic to potential conversion.
Continue
The "static" pressure tap and
Stagnation point.
Pitot Tube : Cross Section
This "static" pressure is measured by
comparing it to the flow's dynamic
INSTEP INSTEP
pressure with INSTEP INSTEP
a differential INSTEP
pressure
INSTEP
flow INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
transmitter.
Pitot Tube : Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantage
Low cost
Negligible pressure loss
Convenient for temporary
INSTEP INSTEP
measurement INSTEP
and INSTEP INSTEP
pipe velocity
traverses
Disadvantage
Low accuracy
Subject to contamination and fouling
Flow Nozzle
Overall length
INSTEP INSTEPis reduced
INSTEPgrealy
INSTEP INSTEP
compared
INSTEP to the venturi
INSTEP INSTEP tube.
INSTEP INSTEP
Entrance cone is bell-shaped and there is
no exit cone.
INSTEP INSTEP
Not suitable
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
for viscous liquids.
INSTEP
Main areaINSTEP
of use isINSTEP INSTEPflow.
in high-velocity INSTEP
ProducesINSTEP
INSTEP a smaller INSTEP
pressureINSTEP INSTEP
drop than an
orifice plate.
Continue..
Flow
INSTEP Nozzle
INSTEP - cut view
Flow Nozzle : Installation
INSTEPINSTEP
Flow NozzleINSTEP INSTEP INSTEP
- cut view
Flow Nozzle : Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages
Low head loss
Resistant to abrasion
Suitable for dirty fluids and slurries
INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
Disadvantages
INSTEP
Bulky andINSTEP
heavy INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP INSTEP
Relatively INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
expensive
INSTEP INSTEP
Installation INSTEP
is relatively INSTEP INSTEP
difficult
Secondary Devices :
Transmitters
Example : Secondary
INSTEPINSTEP Devices
INSTEP /
INSTEP INSTEP
Transmitters
Secondary Devices ...
DP Transmitter
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPSensor
INSTEP INSTEP
End of topic........

Did you ALL
INSTEPINSTEP
understand this INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
INSTEP
topic INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP
?????
Haaa haaa Pls get
ready for the TEST.
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP UpdatedINSTEP
on Jan INSTEP
2005
INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP by Nordin INSTEP
B Kelling INSTEP
Instrument LF

Flow

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Flow

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mechanical

INSTEP INSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP

Pipe friction reduces the flow rate INSTEP

Viscosity or the molecular frictionINSTEP

INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP

INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP

INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP

INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP

INSTEPINSTEP INSTEPINSTEP INSTEP

You might also like