PHYSCIS

(Short Notes)

Arjuna NEET 2023

CHAPTER
03
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
 Motion in Straight Line
When a particle moves as a point object, it is said to be in translatory motion.

(i) |Displacement∣ = distance, if body moves in a straight line without changing direction.

(ii) ∣Displacement∣ < distance, in all other cases.

(iii) Distance and speed are always > 0. They can be zero only when body does not move at all.

(iv) Average speed can be the magnitude of average velocity only when body moves in a straight
line without change in direction.
Average Velocity
Average velocity is equal to total displacement over total time.

Average Speed
It is equal to total distance travelled over total time.

Case - I :
Let a body cover a journey in two equal time intervals with different speeds.
Then
𝑑 +𝑑
𝑣avg. = 1 2
𝑡/2+𝑡/2
𝑣1 𝑡/2+𝑣2 𝑡/2
=
𝑡
𝑣 +𝑣
= 1 2
2

NOTE: If there are 𝑛 equal time intervals, then

𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + ⋯ … … + 𝑣𝑛
𝑣avg. =
𝑛
Case- II:
Let a body cover two equal distances with different speeds. Then

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
+
2 2
+
2 2 2𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣avg. = = 𝑑/2 𝑑/2 =
𝑡1 +𝑡2 + 𝑣1 +𝑣2
𝑣1 𝑣2

2 1 1 NOTE: If there are 𝑛 equal parts of journey, then

= + 𝑛 1 1 1
𝑣avg 𝑣1 𝑣2
= + + ⋯……+
𝑣avg. 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣𝑛
Case - III :
Let a particle covers first half of the journey with speeds 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 in two equal
time intervals and remaining half with speed 𝑣3 . The average speed is given by,
2 1 1
= 𝑣1 +𝑣2 +
𝑣avg. 𝑣3
2
2 𝑣1 +𝑣2 𝑣3
or 𝑣avg. =
𝑣1 +𝑣2 +2𝑣3
Formulae for Motion

𝑑𝑣
(i) Acceleration 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡

(ii) 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
(iii)𝑎 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
(iv) Velocity 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡

(v) 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

(i) Displacement 𝑥 at time 𝑡 is given by

1 2
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
𝑢+𝑣
x= 𝑡
2
1
x= 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2
2
(ii) Displacement in 𝑛th second is given by,

1
𝑥Ԧ𝑛 = 𝑢 + 𝑎(2𝑛
Ԧ − 1).
2

(iii) 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

(iv) (𝑣)2 − (𝑢)2 = 2𝑎𝑥.

GRAPHS FOR MOTION
Properties of graphs:
𝑑𝑥
1. Slope of 𝑥-t graph gives instantaneous velocity .
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
2. Slope of 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph gives instantaneous acceleration .
𝑑𝑡
GRAPHS FOR MOTION
Properties of graphs:
3. Area of v-t graph gives change in velocity (Δx).

4. Area of a−𝑡 graph gives change in position (Δv).

1. Uniform Motion

2. Uniformly Accelerated Motion

 Motion Under Gravity
(i) Thrown from ground, vertically upwards (iii)Dropped from a height such that it rebounds
elastically

(ii) Dropped from a height (iv) Thrown upward, considering constant air
friction acting on it.
 Velocity-Time Graph for a body
(i) Thrown vertically upward (iii) Thrown upward, considering
constant air friction acting on it.

(ii) Dropped from a height

Important Problems
(1) If water drops are falling at regular time intervals from ceiling, then position of
any drop is given by
From ceiling for rth drop
(𝑛−𝑟)2
𝐻𝑟 = ⋅ 𝐻1
(𝑛−1)2
𝑛 is total number of drops

NOTE: Distance between consecutive drops starting from above are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : 9……..
Important Problems
(2) A particle is dropped and another particle is thrown downward with initial
velocity 𝑢, then

(a) Relative acceleration is always zero

(b) Relative velocity is always 𝑢.
𝑥
(c) Time after which their separation becomes 𝑥, is .
𝑢

(3) If body is moving with constant acceleration, then velocity midway between 𝐴
and 𝐵 is
𝑢2 +𝑣 2
𝑣′ =
2
Important Problems
(4) If a body is projected upward from certain height ℎ with initial velocity 𝑢, then

(a) Its speed at same level is 𝑢.

(b) Its speed at the ground level is
𝑣 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ
(c) Time required by it to attain same level is,
2𝑢
𝑡=
𝑔
(d) Total time of flight is obtained by solving the quadratic equation
1
−ℎ = 𝑢𝑇 − 𝑔𝑇 2
2
Important Problems
(5) If a body starts from rest with acceleration 𝛼 and then retards to rest with
retardation 𝛽, such that total time of journey is 𝑇, then

𝛼𝛽
(a) Its maximum velocity during the trip is given by, 𝑣max. = 𝑇
𝛼+𝛽
1 𝛼𝛽
(b) Length of the journey is, 𝐿 = 𝑇 2.
2 𝛼+𝛽
𝑉max
(c) Average velocity of the trip = .
2
𝑋1 𝛽 𝑡
(d) = = 1.
𝑋2 𝛼 𝑡2
Important Problems
(6) When a body is thrown upward such that it takes 𝑡 seconds to reach its highest
point, then

(a) Distance travelled in (𝑡)𝑡ℎ s = distance travelled in (𝑡 + 1)𝑡ℎ s.

(b) Distance travelled in (𝑡 − 1)𝑡ℎ s = distance travelled in (𝑡 + 2)𝑡ℎ s.
(c) Distance travelled in (𝑡 − 𝑟)𝑡ℎ s = distance travelled in (𝑡 + 𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ s.
(d) 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 2𝑇 = total time of flight
2ℎ
and 𝑡1 𝑡2 =
𝑔