Microcontroller

MICRO-CONTROLLERS
VISHAL S SHARMA
Department of Industrial & Production Engineering,
Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-
144011, India
04/13/20 NITJ-INDIA 1
Microcontrollers Vs
Microprocessors
• A microprocessor requires an external memory for program/data storage.
Instruction execution requires movement of data from the external memory
to the microprocessor or vice versa. Usually, microprocessors have good
computing power and they have higher clock speed to facilitate faster
computation.
• A microcontroller has on-chip memory with associated peripherals. A
microcontroller can be thought of a microprocessor with inbuilt peripherals.
• A microcontroller does not require much additional interfacing ICs for
operation and it functions as a stand alone system. The operation of a
microcontroller is multipurpose.
• Microcontrollers are also called embedded controllers. A microcontroller
clock speed is limited only to a few tens of MHz.
• Microcontrollers are numerous and many of them are application specific.
•
Drip farming
RF Based Wireless Remote
using RX-TX MODULES
(434MHz.)
RF module (Tx/Rx) used for wireless remote,
RF module, uses radio frequency to send signals.

These signals are transmitted at a particular frequency
and a baud rate.
A receiver can receive these signals only if it is

configured for that frequency.
A four channel encoder/decoder pair is used.
The input signals, at the transmitter side, are taken

through four switches while the outputs are monitored
on a set of four LEDs .
The outputs from the receiver can drive corresponding

relays connected to any household appliance.
RF Module
• Radio Frequency range (30 kHz & 300
GHz)
• The digital data is represented as
variations in the amplitude of carrier wave.
This kind of modulation is known as
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
Transmission through RF is better than IR
(infrared)
Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger
distances making it suitable for long range
applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-
of-sight mode.
RF signals can travel even when there is an
obstruction between transmitter & receiver.
Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable
than IR transmission.
RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike
IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting
sources.
This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an
RF Receiver.
The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a
frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter receives serial
data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its
antenna connected at pin4.
The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.
The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver
operating at the same frequency as that of the
transmitter.
The RF module is often used along with a pair of
encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding
parallel data for transmission feed while reception is
decoded by a decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648,
etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair
ICs.
Transistor: Transfer of
resistance
Base: input
Emitter
Collector:Load
connected to
Collector
NPN=ebc
b=1,5V
Transistor ON
PNP=ebc
b=0
Transistor ON
S1,S4=CW
S2,S3=CCW
Transistor as switch
H bridge
EN:
Enable1,2:
Speed
Control
PWM
A B C D
1 0 1 0 Forward
0 1 0 1 Reverse
0 0 1 0 Left
1 0 0 0 Right
Light dependent resistor
LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are
very useful especially in light/dark
sensor circuits. Normally the resistance
of an LDR is very high, sometimes as
high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they
are illuminated with light resistance
drops dramatically.
When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is
high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of
the transistors. Consequently the LED does not light.
However, when light shines onto the LDR its

resistance falls and current flows into the base of the
first transistor and then the second transistor. The
LED lights.
The preset resistor can be turned up or down to
increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can
make the circuit more or less sensitive.
Serial Communication
RS232 is a standard. This standard defines
the signal level requirements at transmitter
and receiver. Therefore to make it
compatible with the TTL( transistor-
transistor logic) output an Interface IC is
required. The interface IC should convert the
TTL to RS 232 standard and vice versa.
Max 232 is one such IC which is used for
this conversion.
Serial Communication
• DP9
• Pin2-RX
• Pin3-TX
• Pin5-GND
• RS232 protocol-Max 232-TTL

• -3vto -15 v=1 5V=1
• +3V to +15V=0 0V=0

Microcontroller

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MICRO-CONTROLLERS

RF module, uses radio frequency to send signals.

A receiver can receive these signals only if it is

A four channel encoder/decoder pair is used.

The input signals, at the transmitter side, are taken

The outputs from the receiver can drive corresponding

However, when light shines onto the LDR its

• RS232 protocol-Max 232-TTL

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