Group # 5

Created by: Muhammad Saqlain, Shoaib

Jan, Waseem, Zaheer khan, and
Miad Ullah.

The University of Lahore, Islamabad

Campus.
 STEEL: Shingling,
Squeezing, and Annealing
Process.
&
Manufacturing of Iron.
 Annealing Process:

Annealing is a process by which the properties

of steel are enhanced to meet machinability
requirements. Annealing is a process of
heating the steel slightly above the critical
temperature of steel (723 degrees
Centigrade) and allowing it to cool down very
slowly.

Primary purpose is to soften the steel and

prepare it for additional processing such as
cold forming or machining.
 Process Steps:

 Heat material above 1600F temperature,

then hold steel for one hour.
 Slowly cool the steel. DO NOT QUENCH (cool
suddenly).
 Slow cooling allows the constituents to
precipitate out so resulting structure is
coarse pearlite ( mixture of ferrite and
cementite present in cast iron and steel)
 After annealing steel, it become quite soft
and ductile.
 Advantages of Annealing:

  It softens the steel.

  It enhances and improves the
machinability of steel.
 It increases the ductility of steel
  It enhances the toughness of steel
  It improves the homogeneity in steel
 The grain size of the steel is refined a lot
by annealing
 Shingling or Squeezing
Process:
Preparation of puddled iron:
a. Pig iron was first smelted in blast furnaces and
subjected to a reducing condition when it apparently
'boiled'.
b. The boiling iron was worked continuously by the puddler
and more impurities were removed from the iron,
making the iron stiffer.
c. The iron was boiled until virtually no carbon remained,
leaving a pasty mass of iron. This was evident when the
carbon monoxide would stop bubbling through the iron.
d.   The iron was then formed into balls to be molded.  
 
• Puddled balls of Iron, are put below a steam
hammer or in a squeezing machine. The balls
are subjected to a squeezing action by blows
of a steam hammer, or the pressure of a
squeezing machine, which forces out the
cinder contents.

Squeezed iron is conveyed to a rolling mill

where some more slag is further removed
from the iron during the process of rolling, and
the balls come out at the other end in the form
of a bloom which is then passed through
grooved rollers to convert the bloom into flat
bars ready for use. This process of squeezing
is repeated if more uniform and strong iron is
 Manufacture of Iron:
Iron is one of the most common elements on earth. Nearly every
construction of man contains at least a little iron. It is also one of the
oldest metals and was first fashioned into useful and ornamental objects
at least 3,500 years ago.

Charging the blast furnace:

The iron ore is blended with other ore and goes to the blast furnace. A
blast furnace is a tower-shaped structure, made of steel, and lined with
refractory, or heat-resistant bricks. The mixture of raw material, or
charge, enters at the top of the blast furnace. At the bottom of the
furnace, very hot air is blown, or blasted, in through nozzles
called tuye'res. The coke burns in the presence of the hot air. The oxygen
in the air reacts with the carbon in the coke to form carbon monoxide.
The carbon monoxide then reacts with the iron ore to form carbon dioxide
and pure iron.
 X
Separating the iron from the slag:
The melted iron sinks to the bottom of the furnace. The limestone combines with
the rock and other impurities in the ore to form a slag which is lighter than the iron
and floats on top. As the volume of the charge is reduced, more is continually added
at the top of the furnace. The iron and slag are drawn off separately from the bottom
of the furnace. The melted iron might go to a further alloying process, or might be
cast into ingots called pigs. The slag is carried away for disposal.

Treating the gases:

The hot gases produced in the chemical reactions are drawn off at the top
and routed to a gas cleaning plant where they are cleaned, or scrubbed, and
sent back into the furnace; the remaining carbon monoxide, in particular, is
useful to the chemical reactions going on within the furnace.A blast furnace
normally runs day and night for several years. Eventually the brick lining
begins to crumble, and the furnace is then shut down for maintenance.
Thank
s