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Alveolar Bone
Alveolar Bone
Bone
• Composition of bone
• Classification of bone
• Functions of bone
Jaw bones
Alveolar bone
• Definition
• Classification of alveolar bone
• Development of alveolar bone
• Histology of alveolar bone
• Cellular components of alveolar bone
• Age changes in alveolar bone
• Internal reconstruction of alveolar bone
• Clinical consideration
BONE:
Specialized mineralized connective tissue making
up the skeletal framework of the body
Hydroxyapatite
Collagen (28%) Non Collagenous
proteins (5%)
Hydroxyapatite
Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2
Small plates deposited in the hole and gaps of collagen fibrils
Collagen
Mainly type I
2 type of fibers
Intrinsic collagen
secreted by osteoblasts
Extrinsic collagen
sharpey’s fibers
Non Collagenous proteins
Bone sialoprotein
Osteocalcin
Osteonectin Glycoprotein
Thrombospondin
Fibronectin
Decorin
biglycan Proteoglycan
Classification of bones
Depending on gross appearance
Long (Femur,
Tibia, Radius, Ulna)
Flat (Pelvis, Scapula)
Depending on type
Immature/woven
Mature/lamellated
Compact
Cancellous
Histology
Histologically both compact & cancellous
bone is made of microscopic layers/lamellae
approximately 5 μm thick
Interstitial lamellae
Interspersed between adjacent concentric lamellae
and fill the space between them
Functions
Support
Protection
Locomotion
Reservoir of minerals
Attachment to muscles
STRUCTURE
FIBERS Fine & regular Coarse & irregular Fine, regular & fewer
Absent in anodontia
GROSS
Consists of 2 parallel plates of cortical bone, the
buccal & lingual/palatal alveolar plates, between
which lie the sockets of individual tooth
Thinner in maxilla
In maxilla -Porous
in mandible -Dense
Cortical plates
- Spongy bone
Is Cancellous bone
Type I
Seen mostly in mandible
Regular, horizontal ladder like arrangement
Follows a trajectory pattern
Type II
Seen mostly in maxilla
Numerous delicate irregularly arranged trabeculae
Lacks a distinct trajectory pattern
Greater number of trabeculae in a given area
Spongy bone
Cross section of Periodontium
Tooth
PDL
Alveolar bone proper
Supporting alveolar bone
Radicular bone:
Alveolar bone located on the facial or lingual surfaces
of the roots of the teeth.
Interradicular bone:
Bone located between the roots of multirooted teeth
Interproximal bone:
Bone located between the roots of the adjacent teeth.
NOTE: Interradicular and interproximal septa contain the
perforating canals of Zuckercandel and Hirschfield. They
are nutrient canals, which house the interdental and
interradicular vessels and nerves.
Alveolar crest:
Interproximal bone
Interradicular bone
DEVELOPMENT OF ALVEOLAR BONE
Endochondral
Intramembranous
Sutural
DEVELOPMENT OF ALVEOLAR PROCESS
As the developing tooth germ reaches the early bell
stage, the developing bone becomes closely related to
it to form the alveolus.
Circumferential lamellae
Concentric lamellae
Interstitial lamellae
Cellular components of the alveolar bone
1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts
4. Osteoprogenitor cells
Decalcification of matrix
By organic acids & H+
Degradation of matrix
By collagenase & cathepsin B
Howship's lacunae
Ruffled border
Brush border
Osteoprogenitor cells
They are mesenchymal, fibroblast like cells,
regarded as forming a stem-cell population to
generate osteoblasts.
Reversal Lines
Clinical considerations
Requires functional stimuli to maintain bone mass
Increased functional forces- Formation of new
bone
Decreased functional forces- Loss of bone
volume
Bone though one of the hardest tissues in the human
body, is biologically a highly plastic tissue.
Bone is resorbed on the side of pressure &
deposited on opposite side. Thus the entire
alveolus is allowed to shift with tooth. This
principle forms the basis of orthodontic tooth
movement
Periodontal diseases
Bone loss
Horizontal/ vertical
Fenestration/dehiscence