SOCIALIZATION

Chapter 6
Biology and Culture
Biology Culture

 Stimulate physical development,  Social contact

coordination, and strength
Processes of Socialization
• Long and complicated process of social interaction through which the child learns
the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a member of
society
• Begins at birth
• Continues throughout life
• Early childhood – observation & imitation
• Development of skills and acquiring of self-identity (roles)
Socialization: Objective & Subjective
• TWO POINTS OF VIEW

• Objective Socialization
• Society acting upon the child

• Subjective Socialization
• Society transmits its culture from one generation to another and
adapts the individual to the accepted and approved ways of
organized social life
Functions of Socialization
• Develop the skills needed by the individual
• Instill aspirations and values & the “design for living”
• Teach social roles
Importance of Socialization
• It is vital to culture
• Process to transmit culture to succeeding generations
• Vital link between cultures

• It is vital to personality
• Personality formation and development

• It is vital to sex role differentiation

• Provides the expected roles to play in the society
• Margaret Mead – world renowned anthropologist. Studied primitive
societies. In one tribe, men and women were equally “maternal” toward
children, in another, both were fierce and aggressive; in a third, women
are more dominant than men, and men were submissive.
Social Frame of Reference
• Culture becomes internalized
• It continues to influence his conduct
• Hence, culture is not merely external to the individual
• Ways of life
• Ideas
• Values

These are products of socialization.

 Social Frame of Reference – your point of reference

Social Learning
• Refers to shared knowledge which has social significance
• Social learning – what he learns

• The drive – biological impulse, subconscious wish or conscious desire to

acquire certain satisfactions (human being’s want to learn)
• The cue – the idea, object, situation to which the person is drawn
• The response – interaction between the learner and the thing learned
• The reward – any object or event which strengthens or makes easier the
responses of the individual in striving to learn
Subprocesses of Social Learning
• Imitation
• Suggestion
• Competition

Essential Pre-Requisites of Social Learning:

• Contact
• Communication
Types of Social Interaction
• Focused Interaction
• Unfocused Interaction

• Types of Focused Interactions:

• Exchange
• Cooperation
• Conflict
• Competition
Agencies of Socialization
• Family
• Peer groups
• Media
• School
• Workplace
• Church
• Neighborhood
Stages of Socialization
• Erik Erikson
• Psychological Development
• “Childhood and Society” – 8 stages of human development

• Sigmund Freud
• Theory of Psychoanalysis

• Jean Piaget
• Thinking and Cognitive Development – 4 Process and stages

• George Mead
• Founder of Symbolic Interactions – Stages of Play and Game

• Lawrence Kohlberg
• Moral Development
SOCIAL PROCESS
Chapter 7
People’s Relations with one another
Analyzed in various ways:
• By Status
• Applicable to groups, classes and other pluralities

• By Roles
• Expectations of social behavior

• By Process
• Forms of social interaction
Social Process
• Patterned forms of social interaction.
• Forms of interaction that are repeated.
• Used in sociology in at least 2 different meanings:
A. Some particular patterns among humans or groups which
may be described in general terms
B. Generalized sequence of social development or changes
Basic Social Processes
• Cooperation
• Accommodation
• Assimilation
• Amalgamation
• Conflict
• Contravention
• Competition
• Acculturation
Cooperation
• Two or more persons or groups act jointly in the pursuit of a
common objective
• Most common form of social relation
• Essential and indispensable requirement for the maintenance
and continuance of groups and societies
• Types: Informal, Formal and Symbiotic
• Functions?
Accommodation
• Minimum working arrangement that enables people to continue their
activities even when they are not in complete agreement or harmony with
each other
• To prevent, reduce, or eliminate conflict
• Necessary process that occurs after a conflict is over, in that the survivors
learn to adjust to each other
• Objective: peaceful living
• “give and take”
• Common Forms: Domination, Truce, Compromise, Conciliation and
Mediation, Arbitration, and Toleration
Assimilation
• Two or more persons or groups accept and perform one
another’s pattern of behavior
• Interpenetration or fusion
• Cultural differences are reduced or eliminated
Amalgamation
• Inter-marriage of persons coming from different ethnic groups
resulting in some kind of biological fusion
• Hastens assimilation of similar groups
Conflict
• Arises when rules of cooperation are broken and the opponents
become openly antagonistic to each other
• Activity intended to hurt others physically or mentally
• Motivated to secure a scarce goal or common values
• Functions?
Contravention
• Opposing persons or groups try to prevent each other from
attaining an objective whether or not they want it for
themselves
• Polite and gentle form of conflict since it contains hostility and
antagonism without head-on and direct attacks upon the
opponents
Competition
• Two or more persons or groups are striving to attain the same
objective
• Focuses on the primary objective
• Less violent form of opposition
• Functions?
Acculturation
• Societies of different cultures are modified through fairly close
and long continued contact, but do not blend with one another.
• Usually, a two way process:
• One society – borrows from the culture of the other without
losing its identity

• Acquisition of new traits from another culture

 ASSIGNMENT:
DISCUSS THE NATURE OF SOCIAL
INTERACTION. ILLUSTRATE HOW
INTERACTIONS OCCUR IN YOUR FAMILY,
SCHOOL, NEIGHBORHOOD, OR ORGANIZATION
IN WHICH YOU ARE A MEMBER.
YELLOW PAPER.
DEADLINE NEXT MEETING (OCT 21)