Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MICROPROCESSOR
Adder
Unsigned byte
integer
0 - 255
-128 - +127
Signed
integer
s
-32,768 - +32,767
Binary Coded
Decimal (BCD)
Unpacked BCD
Packed BCD
SP
BH BL
BX
SI
CH CL
DI
CX
DH DL
DX Segme
nt
CS
Status and Control SS
Flags DS
IP ES
AX - the Accumulator
BX - the Base Register
CX - the Count Register
DX - the Data Register
• BX
– Base Register
– Also serves as an address register
• DX
– Data register
– Used in multiplication and division
– Also used in I/O operations
Overflow Carry
Direction Parity
EU registers AX AH AL Accumulator
BX Base Register
CX BH BL Count Register
DX CH Data Register
SP CL Stack Pointer
DH Base Pointer
BP DL Source Index Register
SI Destination Index Register
DI
FLA
Microprocessor & Microcontroller
The Stack
• The stack is used for temporary storage of information
such as data or addresses.
Reset
Registers,
seg regs,
flags
CS: FFFFH,
IP: 0000H
If high for
Clock minimum
Duty cycle: 33% 4 clks
Microprocessor & Microcontroller
INTEL 8086 - Pin Details
Address/Data Bus:
Contains address Address Latch Enable:
bits A15-A0 when
ALE is 1 & data bits When high,
D15 – D0 when ALE is multiplexed
address/data
0.
bus contains
address
information.
INTERRUPT
Non -
maskable
interrupt
Interrupt
acknowledge
Interrupt request
Hold
Hold
acknowledge
Address/Status Bus
Address bits A19 –
A16 & Status bits S6
– S3
1,1: No selection
Min/Max mode
Minimum Mode:
+5V Maximum
Mode: 0V
Maximum
Mode
Pins
Read Signal
Write Signal
Memory or I/0
Data
Transmit/Receiv
e
Data Bus Enable
Microprocessor & Microcontroller
Maximum Mode - Pin Details
S2 S1 S0
000: INTA
001: read I/O port
010: write I/O port
011: halt
100: code access Status Signal
101: read memory
110: write Inputs to 8288 to
memory generate
111: none -passive eliminated signals
due to max mode.
Lock Output
Used to lock peripherals
off the system
DMA
Activated by using the Request/Grant
LOCK: prefix on any
instruction
Lock Output
QS1 QS0
00: Queue is idle
01: First byte of opcode
10: Queue is empty
11: Subsequent byte of
opcode
Queue Status
Used by numeric
coprocessor
(8087)
Microprocessor & Microcontroller
Minimum Mode 8086 System
• The three status outputs S0*, S1*, S2* from the processor are
input to 8788.
• The outputs of the bus controller are the Control Signals, namely
DEN, DT/R*, IORC*, IOWTC*, MWTC*, MRDC*, ALE etc.
64
Microprocessor & Microcontroller
8086 Interrupts