HOSPITAL

By Widilah Azzahra (191FK03046)

HOSPITAL

A hospital is a place where a person goes to be healed when

he or she is sick or injured. Doctors and nurses work at
hospitals. Doctors make use of advanced medical technology
to heal patients. The hospital may charge money for treatmen
ts/checkups or the treatment may be free or the money will be
paid by the government on behalf of the patient.
Hospital role in health system

“Hospitals should transition from being “the last link in a chain” of health servic
e providers to being actively engaged with their communities and with providers
of primary care. Altering the traditional model starts with discarding an emphasis

on “filling the beds” in favor of a new role of hospitals as part of collaborative

networks”(C. Etienne, Chicago 2015)

Hospitals matter to people – the hospital experience often marking a central poin
t in their lives. They matter to health systems: they are instrumental for care
coordination and integration and have a key role to play in supporting other
health-care providers (including primary health care) and in community
outreach and home-based services. They also often provide a setting for
education of doctors, nurses and other health-care professionals and are a critical
base for clinical research. They must be resilient and able to maintain and scale
up services in emergency situations.
Hospital types

Acute care
Hospital that treats patients in the acute phase of an illness or injury.

Addiction/substance abuse treatment

Hospital that exists solely to provide assessment and treatment of individuals
with addictions.

Community (General)
Non-federal, short-term (acute care) hospital where diagnostic and therapeutic
services are available to the public.

Long-Term Care Hospital

Hospital that provides medical and skilled nursing services to patients with
long-term illnesses who are not in an acute phase but require a level of service
not available in a nursing home.
Hospital types

Psychiatric Hospital
Hospital that provides diagnostic and treatment services to patients with mental
and/or emotional disorders.

Rehabilitation Hospital
Hospital that provides medical, health-related, social, and/or vocational services
to disabled individuals to help them attain their maximum functional capacity.

Teaching Hospital
Hospital that has an accredited medical residency-training program and usually
has affiliation with a medical school.
staff & Medical team

Doctors
Doctors have different roles and responsibilities based on their level of
experience and their medical specialty.
These roles include:
• senior consultants – specialist doctors who see patients at specific times
• registrars – senior doctors who supervise residents, interns and students
• residents – look after patients on the ward and are in training for
specialisation
• interns – have completed their studies and are now finishing their final
year in hospital
• student doctors – undergraduate medical students
 Nurses
staff & Medical team
Nurses manage most of your ongoing care and treatment in hospital. They
assess, plan and administer your daily treatment and manage your general h
ealth. Speak to them about your immediate needs. They can also direct y
ou to the right people to speak to about specific medical issues.
Like doctors, nurses have different roles and responsibilities based on their
experience and specialties.
These roles include:
• nurse unit manager – runs the ward
• associate nurse unit manager – helps the nurse unit manager to run the
ward and acts as the manager when the nurse unit manager is off site
• nurse practitioners – highly skilled nurses with an advanced level of
training
• specialist nurses, such as clinical nurse specialists, clinical nurse
consultants, clinical nurse educators, triage nurses, emergency
department nurses
• registered nurses – provide a high level of day-to-day care and perform
some minor procedures
• enrolled nurses – provide basic medical care under the supervision of
more senior nurses.
staff & Medical team

Allied health professionals

Allied health professionals are university-educated practitioners who work as
part of your multidisciplinary healthcare team. They assess, diagnose and t
reat conditions and work to prevent disease and disability.
Some examples of allied health professionals include:
• Dietitians
• occupational therapists
• Pharmacists
• Physiotherapists
• Podiatrists
• speech pathologists.
Rooms & Departements

1. Outpatient Department (OPD)

Most hospitals now have an OPD. The advantage of OPD is that much of
the investigative unit and curative work can be done there without
admitting the client, thus curtailing medical expenses.
The scope of OPD includes the following:
• Consultation, investigation, procedures, specialty services.
• Preventive and promotive health care: Clinics, which include: diabetic,
antenatal, postnasal and under five.
• Rehabilitation services (physiotherapy, occupational therapy etc)
• Health education
• Counseling
Rooms & Departements

2. Inpatient Service (IP)

If OPD is the show window of the hospital, the IP is the heart of the
hospital. The IP service provides lodging, diet and medical care.
Conveniently, it can be divided into:
• Wards and rooms
• Nurses station
• Dietary services
• Sanitary facilities and other requirements
• Ward can be
• Intensive Care Wards (ICU)
Rooms & Departements

4. Nursing Department
The nursing department is the organizational structure through which
nurses provide nursing care for clients under the jurisdiction of the
institution. The nursing department consists of nursing service and nursin
g education. The primary purpose of the nursing service is to provide
comprehensive, safe, effective and well-organized nursing care throug
h the personnel of the department. The personnel consists of nursing
superintendent, assistant nursing superintendents, head nurses and staf
f nurses. All of these are registered nurses, other personnel who function
in the nursing service department may include the auxiliary personnel nurs
e aids and domestics who handle the non-nursing services.
 5. Paramedical Departments
Rooms & Departements Paramedical departments are adjunctive to the practice of medicine in the m
aintenance or restoration of health and normal functioning. They include:
Pathology Department
The following laboratories are usually found in the pathology department:
• Bacteriology laboratory: This laboratory studies about the bacteria and
their toxins.
• Biochemistry : this is concerned with the chemistry of living organisms
and of vital process.
• Haematology laboratory : it is responsible for making haemoglobin
determinations, coagulation time studies, red and white cell counts and
special blood pathology studies for anaemia and leukaemia etc.
• Parasitology laboratory: it studies the presence of parasites, the cyst and
ovas of the parasites that are found in the faeces.
• Serology laboratory: it does blood agglutination tests, Wassermann tests,
V.D.R.L. etc
• Blood bank: it has the responsibility for collecting and processing all
blood used in the hospital for transfusions. It makes studies on newborn
infants who may have haemolytic diseases and does antibody studies
on the prenatal client.
• Histopathology department: it prepares tissues for gross and microscopic
studies.
• Etc.
Rooms & Departements
6. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department
This department deals with clients who have functional disabilities resulting f
rom disease conditions/injuries. This department can have physiotherapy, o
ccupational therapy, speech therapy and vocational training. This d
epartment will be under the direction of a well – qualified physician who ha
s special training in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation. His sta
ff should include therapists with qualification in the various specialties.
Rooms & Departements
7. Operation Theatre Complex (OT)
This consists of one or more operation theatres and other facilities. OT
complex must be located in a place where there is easy and quick access to
the delivery suite. These should be four zone – outer zone, clean zone,
sterile zone, disposal zone. There should be a sterilization room with an
autoclave. The number of OT depends on many factors. There should b
e an arrangement for good lighting and ventilation.
Delivery suite is the place where births take place. The delivery suite is divid
ed into three zones are first stage room, second stage room, delivery room.
The room should have good lighting and ventilation. It should have
adequate number of staff.
Rooms & Departements
8. Pharmacy Department
Pharmacy is a crucial factor in medical factor. It should be planned and
organized well. The pharmacy department has the responsibility for s
electing purchasing, compounding, storing and dispensing all drugs and m
edications. The pharmacy should be under the supervision of a registered p
harmacist.
Rooms & Departements

9. Radiology Department (X-ray Department)

The department must be located in a place where there is easy accessibility
for OP and IP clients. Of the total space, the distribution for various rooms i
s as follows:
• X-ray rooms: 25%
• Film processing: 10%
• Administration: 30%
• Waiting area: 5%
• Circulation area: 30%
• Sufficient number of staff should be available. Staff must be protected ag
ainst radiation hazards. This department has the following services.
• Radiographic examinations and their interpretations
• X-ray, radium, radioactive cobalt and other radioactive therapy
• Ultrasonography, Echocardiogram, C.T. Scan, MRI and ECG.
Rooms & Departements

10. Dietary Department

The dietary department has the responsibility for the food service to the clie
nt according to their needs and doctor’s prescription. This department is res
ponsible for the health teaching in regard to proper diet of the client upon t
heir discharge from the hospital.
11. Non-Professional Services (Business Management)
• Admitting Department
The admitting department has the responsibility for admitting the client to
the hospital. The importance of this department lies in the public relation
that is maintained.
The client, his family and his friends must be treated with utmost respect,
courtesy and tact. The enquiries made about the hospital and other clients a
re to be answered appropriately.
• Administration
The administration of the entire hospital cannot be vested on the
administrator alone. It is a collective responsibility of a group of people. The
administrative staff, depending upon the size of the hospital, is composed
of the administrator, the assistant administrator, the business manager and
the departmental heads.
Rooms & Departements

12. Purchasing Department

The purchasing department has the responsibility for purchasing all supplies
and equipments for the hospital.
13. Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD)
This is important department which supplies sterile articles throughout the h
ospital. CSSD handles contaminated, clean and sterile articles.
Work flow in CSSD: Receiving – Washing – Drying – Accounting – Sorting –
Packing – Sterilization – Sterile storage – Issue. The articles should move in
one direction from receipt to issue. The location should be such that the
wards and departments can have easy access.
Rooms & Departements

14. Medical Record Department (MRD)

This is an integral part of every modern hospital. The guiding principle is
“people forget, records remember.” Functionally the MRD is divided into (1)
Reception (2) Medical Records Library (3) Statistical Section.
Weeding out of clients file, is done in successive years.
OP Records: 5 years.
IP Records: 10 years.
Medicolegal Records: 15 years.
Now with computerization the files can be entered into the computer and c
an be utilized when required.
Every health care facility should have arrangement for handling medicolegal
cases. The hospital administration, as well as the doctors, nurses and other
staff members should be made aware of the legal implications involved in
the client’s care, so that lot of problems can be avoided.
Rooms & Departements

15. Personnel Department

This department in the hospital must be well versed with law of the land
especially the labour laws and is responsible for recruitment, selection,
promotion, transfer, termination etc. The personnel department functions
under the personnel officer who is qualified in the personnel administration.
The personnel department has the following functions, directed to the
welfare of the personnel.
• Recruitment of personnel
• Interviewing prospective employees
• Promotion and transfer of employees
• Termination of employment
• Inservice training programme
• Remuneration and incentives
• Safety
• Health programme
 Sources
• World health organization (https://www.who.i
nt/hospitals/clinical-services/en/)
• Better health (https://www.betterhealth.vic.go
THANK YOU v.au/health/servicesandsupport/hospital-staff-r
oles)
• Canestar (https://www.canestar.com/list-of-de
partments-in-hospital-and-its-functions----a-si
mple-learning-for-nurses..html)