PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND

ECOLOGY-LAB
BOT-1561
LAB WORK # 01
 DATE: 10-04-2020

EXPERIMENT # 01

STATEMENT:
PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS OF SPECIFIC
NORMALITY OF ACIDS/BASES, MOLAL AND
MOLAR SOLUTIONS OF SALTS, SUGARS, AND
THEIR STANDARDIZATION
 APPARATUS REQUIRED:

MEASURING FLASK, MEASURING CYLINDER, ANALYTICAL BALANCE, BURNER,

STIRRER.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

GLUCOSE, SUCROSE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM HYDRO-OXIDE, SULPHURIC

ACID, DISTILLED WATER
 THEORETICAL DETAIL
• SOLUTIONS: SOLUTIONS ARE HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES OF TWO OR MORE
SUBSTANCES.
• A SOLUTION CONSISTS OF A SOLUTE AND A SOLVENT. THE SOLUTE IS THE
SUBSTANCE THAT IS DISSOLVED IN THE SOLVENT.
• THE VOLUME OF SOLVENT IS ALWAYS HIGHER THAN THAT OF SOLUTE.
• SIMPLE SOLUTION: SIMPLE SOLUTIONS ARE THE MIXTURE OF TWO OR MORE
THAN TWO CONSTITUENTS WITH UNKNOWN STRENGTH.
• STANDARD SOLUTION: THE MIXTURE OF TWO OR MORE CONSTITUENTS
WITH KNOWN STRENGTH IS CALLED STANDARD SOLUTION.
MOLAR SOLUTION: SOLUTION CONTAINING ONE GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A SUBSTANCE
DISSOLVED AND MADE UP TO A VOLUME OF ONE LITER. IT IS REPRESENTED BY “M”.
MOLAL SOLUTION: SOLUTION WHICH CONTAIN ONE GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SOLVENT
DISSOLVED IN 1000 ML OF SOLVENT. IT IS REPRESENTED BY SMALL “ᶆ”.
THE FINAL TOTAL VOLUME OF MOLAL SOLUTION WILL ALWAYS INCLUDE SOME SOLUTE VOLUME OF
A SOLUTION.
NORMAL SOLUTION: SOLUTION WHICH CONTAINS A GRAM-EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF A SOLUTE IN
A LITER OF SOLUTION. IT IS REPRESENTED BY “N”.
• NORMALITY IS MEASURED OF ACIDS AND BASES.
• TO DETERMINE GRAM-EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF A SUBSTANCE:
• DIVIDE THE GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT (FORMULA WEIGHT) OF A SOLUTE BY THE VALENCE
(NUMBER OF HYDROGEN OR HYDROXYL IONS THAT CAN BE DISPLACED).
• RECAUTIONS:
1. WEIGHT THE SUBSTANCE CAREFULLY.
2. WASH THE GLASSWARE PROPERLY.
 PREPARATION OF MOLAR SOLUTIONS WITH EXAMPLES
Q: HOW MANY GRAMS OF GLUCOSE WOULD BE DISSOLVED TO MAKE 500 ML OF
A 1M GLUCOSE SOLUTION?
MOLECULAR FORMULA OF GLUCOSE= C6H12O6
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GLUCOSE= 180G
1000 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS= 180 G
1ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS= 180/1000
500 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS= 180/1000 ×500
= 90 GRAMS
RESULT: 90 GRAMS OF GLUCOSE DISSOLVED IN WATER AND MAKE THE FINAL
VOLUME UP TO 500 ML.
Q: HOW MANY GRAMS OF SUCROSE WOULD BE DISSOLVED TO MAKE 1
LITER OF A 0.5 M SUCROSE SOLUTION?
MOLECULAR FORMULA OF SUCROSE= C12H22O11
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SUCROSE= 342G
1000 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS SUCROSE = 342G
0.5M SOLUTION CONTAINS SUCROSE= 342 × 0.5
=171 G
RESULT: 171 GRAMS OF SUCROSE DISSOLVED IN WATER AND MAKE FINAL
VOLUME UP TO 1000ML.
 PREPARATION OF MOLAL SOLUTIONS WITH EXAMPLES
Q: HOW MANY GRAMS OF GLUCOSE WOULD BE DISSOLVED TO MAKE 500 ML OF
A 1MOLAL GLUCOSE SOLUTION?
MOLECULAR FORMULA OF GLUCOSE= C6H12O6
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GLUCOSE= 180G
1000 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS GLUCOSE= 180G
1 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAIN GLUCOSE= 180/1000
500 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS GLUCOSE= 180/1000 ×500
= 90 G
• RESULT: 90 GRAM OF GLUCOSE DISSOLVED IN 500 ML OF SOLVENT.
Q: HOW MANY GRAMS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE WOULD BE DISSOLVED TO
MAKE 100 ML OF A 1MOLAL SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION?

MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE = 58.5 G

1000 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS SODIUM CHLORIDE = 58.5 G
1 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAIN SODIUM CHLORIDE = 58.5 /1000
100 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS GLUCOSE= 58.5 /1000 ×100
= 5.85 G
• RESULT: 5.85 GRAM OF SODIUM CHLORIDE DISSOLVED IN 100 ML OF SOLVENT.
 PREPARATION OF NORMAL SOLUTIONS WITH EXAMPLES
Q: HOW MANY GRAMS OF H2SO4 WOULD BE DISSOLVED TO MAKE 1000
ML OF A 1N H2SO4 SOLUTION?
• (ATOMIC WEIGHT OF H = 1; ATOMIC WEIGHT OF S = 32.06; ATOMIC WEIGHT OF
O = 16)
• GMW OF H2SO4 = 1(2) + 32.06 + 16(4) = 98 G

GRAM EQUIVALENT WEIGHT= MOLECULAR WEIGHT/ NO.OF REPLACEABLE H+/OH-

= 98 /2 = 49 G
1000 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS H2SO4 = 49G

RESULT: 49 GRAMS EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF H2SO4 DISSOLVED IN SOLVENT AND

MAKE FINAL VOLUME.
Q: HOW MANY GRAMS OF NAOH WOULD BE DISSOLVED TO MAKE 500
ML OF A 1 N NAOH SOLUTION?
MOLECULAR FORMULA OF SODIUM HYDRO-OXIDE= NAOH
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SODIUM HYDRO-OXIDE= 40
EQUIVALENT WEIGHT= MOLECULAR WEIGHT/ NO.OF REPLACEABLE H+/OH-
= 40/1 = 40G
1000 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS NAOH= 40G
1 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS NAOH= 40/1000
500 ML OF SOLUTION CONTAINS NAOH= 40/1000 ×500
= 20 G
• RESULT: 20 GRAMS OF EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF NAOH DISSOLVED IN
SOLVENT AND MAKE FINAL VOLUME.