Subtopic 6.

5
CONCENTRATION OF
AQUEOUS SOLUTION
NURUL AHMAD
6.5 Concentration and molarity of solution
  
The concentration of solution determine
the amount of solute dissolved in a given
volume of solution.

SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLUTION

 Concentration in g dm-3 = Mass of solute (g)
Volume of solution (dm3)

Concentration in mol dm-3 = Concentration in g dm-3

Molar mass of solute (g mol-1)
 Calculation of the concentration and molarity
of acid and alkali solution
 
1) 12 g potassuim hydroxide, KOH, dissolve in water
to produce 250 cm3 of solution. What is the
concentration of the solution in g dm-3 .

Volume of solution = 250 /1000

= 0.25 dm3

Concentration in g dm-3 = Mass of KOH in gram

Volume of solution in dm3
= 12 g
0.25 dm3

= 48 g dm-3
2) 0.25 mol sodium hydroxide, NaOH dissolve in
water to produce 200 cm3 of solution. What is the
concentration of the solution in mol dm-3 ?

Volume of solution = 200/1000

= 0.2 dm3

Concentration in mol dm-3

= Number of moles of NaOH (mol)
Volume of solution in dm3
= 0.25 mol
0.2 dm3
= 1.25 mol dm-3
3) The molarity of hydrochloric acid, HCl solution is
0.2 mol dm-3. What is the concentration of the
solution in g dm-3 ?
[Relative atomic mass ; H,1 ; Cl, 35.5]

Molar mass of Hydrochloric acid, HCl = 1+ 35.5

= 36.5 g mol-1

Concentration in g dm-3
= Molarity of HCl x Molar mass of HCl
= 0.2 mol dm-3 x 36.5 g mol-1
= 7.3 g dm-3 .
 4) 2.5 g of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 is dissolved in
water to make a 50 cm3 of solution. Calculate the
molarity of calcium hydroxide solution obtained.
[Relative atomic mass ; Ca,40 ; O,16 ; H,1]
   
Volume of solution = 50 / 1000
= 0.05 dm3

Concentration in g dm-3 = Mass of KOH in gram

Volume of solution in dm3
=

= 50 g dm-3
Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 40+2 (16+1)
= 74 g mol-1
Molarity of Ca(OH)2 = Concentration in g dm-3
Molar mass
= 50 g dm-3
74 g mol-1
= 0.68 mol dm-3
The Relationship Between The Number of Moles of
Solute With The Molarity and Volume of A Solution

Molarity, mol dm-3 = Number of moles of solution (mol)

Volume of solution (dm3)

Therefore, M = n
V

Where, n = MV
1. Calculate the number of moles of potassium
hydroxide, KOH, in 600 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3
potassium hydroxide.

Number of moles of KOH = MV

1000
= 0.1 x 600
1000
= 0.06 mol
 
2. Calculate the mass of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 in 2 dm3 of 0.4 mol
dm-3 barium hydroxide solution
[Relative atomic mass ; Ba,137 ; O,16 ; H,1]

2 dm3 = 2 x 1000
= 2000 cm3

Number of moles of Ba(OH)2 = MV

1000
= 0.8 mol

Molar mass of Ba(OH)2 = 137 + 2(16+1)

= 171 g mol-1
Mass of Ba(OH)2 = 0.8 x 171
= 136.8 g
SUBTOPIC 6.6 STANDARD
SOLUTION
NURUL AHMAD
 

SOLUTION PREPARATION
Standard solution preparation
method
Standard solution is a solution which its
concentration is accurately known.
There 2 methods on how to produce standard
solutions
1. Preparation of standard solution from solid.
2. Preparation of standard solution from diluting
aques solution
Preparation of standard solution from solid
Preparation of a solution by dilution method

 A method that involves diluting the stock solutions with

varying amounts of distilled water.
Adding water to concentrated solution changes the
concentration of the solution but DOES NOT change the
amount of solute.
Number of moles of solute Number of moles of solute
before dilution = after dilution

n1 = n2

M1V1 = M2V2
 Water

Solute

Adding water does not change the

amount of solute
SUBTOPIC 6.7
NEUTRALISATION
NURUL AHMAD
 NEUTRALISATION – reaction between an acid and an
alakali(base) to produce salt and water only.

ACID BASE SALT WATER

Example:
Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide  Sodium chloride +
Water
 

HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

Ionic equation,
Split into ionic form,
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-  Na+ + Cl- + H2O 

Ions from
  Ions from Ions from Water
acid alkali salt exists as
a
molecule
 Na+ and Cl- ions remain unchanged
· 

during the reaction. Both these ions

can be removed from the equation
 

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-  Na+ + Cl- +H2O

·  Hence, the equation becomes

H+ + OH-  H2O
@ H3O + OH-  2 H2O
 Exercise

Complete and balance each of following

neutralisation reaction. Then write out the ionic
equations:
1. HCN + NaOH  NaCN + H2O
Ionic equation: H+ + OH-  H O
2

2. HNO3 + NH4OH 
NH4NO3 + H2O
Ionic equation: H+ + OH-  H O
2
 

3. H2SO4 + NaOH    Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Ionic equation:   H+ + OH-  H2O
 
4. CH32COOH + Mg(OH)2    (CH3COO)2Mg

+ 2 H2O
Ionic equation:
H+ + OH-  H2O
 Neutralisation in our daily lives
 

Anti-acids are used to neutralise the

excess hydrochloric acid in the
stomach of the gastric patients. Anti-
acids medicines containing bases such
As:
- aluminium hydroxide
- sodium hydrogen
carbonate
-magnesium hydroxide
Shampoo contains a weak alkali
while conditioner contains a weak
acid. The neutralising reactions that
occurs produces soft, shiny and
manageable hair.

SYAMPOO
PENTIN

PERA
REJO
PI
S
Bee stings and ant bites are
acidic in nature. They can be
neutralised using alkaline
medicine such as baking powder
Acid-base titration
•  Acid-base titration is a process to
determine the concentration of acid or
alkali solution using a solution of known
concentration ( a standard solution).
•It’s a quantitative analysis used to
determine the volume of an acid required to
exactly neutralise a fixed volume of an
alkali with the help of an acid-base
indicator.
 When an acid is continuously
added to an alkali, it will reach a
stage where the amount/volume
of acid added exactly
neutralises all the alkali. This
stage achieved is called the end
point

Check out Activity 613 page 170

INDICATOR COLOUR IN COLOUR IN COLOUR IN
ACID NEUTRAL ALKALI
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION

Litmus Red Purple Blue

Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink

Methyl Orange Pink Orange Yellow

Methyl Red Pink Orange Yellow

Cresol Purple Yellow Green Purple

Bromothymol Yellow Green Blue

Blue
SOLVING NUMERICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING
NEUTRALISATION

Formula
  :