Chapter 13

Sexually Transmitted
Infections and HIV/AIDS

Lesson 13.1 Sexually Transmitted Infections:

What You Should Know
Lesson 13.2 Common STIs
Lesson 13.3 HIV/AIDS
Lesson 13.1

Sexually Transmitted
Infections: What You
Should Know
Warm-Up

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Do you think people should be embarrassed to
talk about sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
Why or why not?

Think of one or two trusted adults that you can

talk to if you have questions about sexually
transmitted infections.

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 How People Contract STIs

• STIs are infectious

diseases caused by
microorganisms, such
as bacteria and viruses
• A person may get an STI
by engaging in sexual
activity with an infected
partner
• Casual contact, such as
holding hands, does not
transmit STIs

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Think Further Myth or Fact?

Only people who have sex with many different

partners get STIs.

MYTH
– Fact: Engaging in sexual activity one time with just
one infected partner is all it takes to contract an STI.
– Fact: It is possible for a person with certain oral STIs
to transmit the infection by kissing.

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 STIs Cause Serious Health Problems

• Inflammation often
occurs in body parts
affected by an STI
• Asymptomatic people
with STIs can transmit
the disease to others
• STIs can damage the
reproductive organs,
brain, heart, liver, and
other internal organs

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 STIs Can Be Treated

• Many STIs are easily

treated
• Some bacterial STIs are
treatable, even curable,
with antibiotics
• Viral infections can be
controlled with antiviral
medications

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Think Further

What are the three critical components of

effective treatment of STIs?
– Treatment from a doctor must begin as soon as possible.
– All sexual partners of the infected individual must be
notified, tested, and treated.
– An infected person must abstain from sexual activity until a
doctor determines that the disease is cured or no longer
able to be transmitted.

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 STIs Can Be Prevented

• The most effective way to

prevent STIs is to practice
abstinence
• Practicing refusal skills for
sex, drugs, and alcohol can
help people manage risky
situations
• A correctly used latex
condom can reduce the
chances of contracting STIs

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Critical Thinking

Condoms
Non-latex condoms, such as lambskin condoms,
can reduce the risk of pregnancy.

Will this type of condom also prevent transmitting

STIs ? Why or why not?

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 STI Resources

• Community resources
are available to help
people with STIs
– Doctors
– Public health
departments
– Counseling services
– Support groups

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Lesson 13.2

Common STIs
 Chlamydia

• An almost asymptomatic
STI that may cause
pelvic inflammatory
disease if not treated
• Can be diagnosed with a
urine test or with a
sample swabbed from an
infected site
• Can be treated and
cured with antibiotics

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 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

• An infection of the
fallopian tubes and
the pelvic cavity
• Can be caused by
chlamydia or
gonorrhea
• Can cause infertility
or lead to ectopic
Click here for the “Blocked Fallo
pregnancy pian Tubes” animation

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 Gonorrhea

• A bacterial infection
that primarily affects
the reproductive tract,
rectum, and throat
• Causes mild or no
symptoms in many
people
• Antibiotics can
successfully treat and
cure gonorrhea

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 Syphilis

• A bacterial infection that

causes extremely
serious health problems
and disability
• Antibiotics can cure
syphilis in its primary
and secondary stages
• The organ damage
caused by late-stage
syphilis cannot be
reversed

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Think Further

What are the sign and symptoms of the stages

of syphilis?
– In primary syphilis, a chancre develops at the site of the
infection.
– In secondary syphilis, a red or copper-color rash appears,
mainly on the palms and soles.
– In late-stage syphilis, there is damage to the brain in the
form of dementia, paralysis, and fatal damage to the heart,
liver, and blood vessels.

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 Trichomoniasis

• Caused by a single-celled
microorganism called a
protozoan
• Easily cured with
prescription drugs
• Most infected men
experience no symptoms
• In women, trichomoniasis
primarily infects the
vagina and causes few
symptoms
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 Genital Herpes

• The herpes simplex

virus (HSV) type 1
causes cold sores on
the mouth and lips
• HSV type 2 causes
genital infections
• No cure exists for
herpes
• Medication can control
the frequency and
severity of outbreaks
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 Human Papillomavirus

• Infects and causes cells to grow abnormally

• Can result in genital warts, cervical cancer, and
oropharyngeal cancer
• Genital warts can be diagnosed by a doctor’s
examination and a lab test
• The Pap test is normally used to screen for
cervical cancer
• Oropharyngeal cancer is often detected through
tests that examine the mouth and throat

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 Critical Thinking

HPV Vaccine

The risk for HPV infection

can be reduced by a
vaccine.

Do you think teenagers

should get this vaccine?
Why or why not?

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Lesson 13.3

HIV/AIDS
 HIV and AIDS Defined

• Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infects and kills
cells, weakening the body’s
immune system
• Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) is an
often fatal disease in which
the body’s immune system
can no longer fight off
infections and diseases

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Think Further Myth or Fact?

A person who tests HIV-positive has AIDS.

MYTH
– Fact: A person who tests HIV-positive is infected with
HIV, but does not necessarily have AIDS.
– Fact: AIDS can develop later, perhaps many years
after HIV infection.

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 HIV Transmission

• HIV can be transmitted

– Through sexual
intercourse
– Through breast milk
– In blood found in
contaminated needles
used for drugs, tattoos,
or body piercings
– Through open sores on
the skin

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 Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

• Early symptoms resemble a

flu-like illness with fatigue
and swollen lymph nodes
• When the virus weakens the
immune system,
opportunistic infections occur
• HIV/AIDS develops
Worldwide, about 1 in 4
differently and at different people with AIDS die
rates for all affected people from tuberculosis.

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 Diagnosis

• The HIV test examines

a blood sample for the
presence of antibodies
to the virus
• A home version of the
HIV test is available
• Sexually active people
should be tested every
year and every time
they switch sexual
partners

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Critical Thinking

HIV Testing
Suppose a person thinks he or she was exposed
to HIV within the past three months. The person
takes an HIV test, which turns out negative.

Should this person stop being concerned that he

or she may have HIV? Why or why not?

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 HIV Test Results Are Confidential

• The Health Insurance Portability and

Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a federal law that
requires confidentiality for HIV test results
• If a test is positive, healthcare providers must
report the results to the state
• The results are reported with no identifying
personal information
• Some cities and states have laws requiring HIV-
positive individuals or their doctors to notify their
partners

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 Discrimination

• Two important laws protect

the rights of HIV-positive
people
– Americans with Disabilities
Act (ADA) of 1990
– Rehabilitation Act of 1973
• People with HIV/AIDS
cannot be denied jobs,
benefits, education,
services, or other rights

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 Treatment

• The cornerstone of
HIV/AIDS treatment is anti-
retroviral therapy (ART)
• ART consists of a mixture
of three drugs, sometimes
called a cocktail of drugs
• The aim of ART is to
reduce the number of
viruses in the body so that
the immune system
remains strong

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 Think Further

What are the drugs in an

ART cocktail designed to do?

When should an HIV-

positive person begin ART?

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