CELLPHO

NE
SCREEN
 NESCRE
EN
DISPLAY
S
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 CELLPHONE SCREEN DISPAY
EXPLAINED
This is the part of the
cellphone/smartphone that we are
interacting with. It is a type of output
device where the screen is emitting a
light that turns into words, pictures or
videos.

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 LCD
LCD or Liquid Crystal Display
It is the most common display type among mobile phones because
of its low power consumption and good image quality. They are
generally easy to read, even under direct sunlight.
▪ The smallest element of an image displayed on a LCD is the
pixel. Each pixel normally consists of a layer of molecules
aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two
polarizing filters.
▪  
▪ Some of the types of LCD displays are STN (Super Twisted
Nematic), TFT (Thin Film Transistor) and TFD (Thin Film
Diode). The first one, STN, offers low cost and low power
consumption, but low image quality. TFT features greater
image quality and response time, yet its displays are more
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expensive and need more power.
 LCD
Three other types of LCDs are transmissive, reflective,
or transflective.
Transmissive displays offer nicer image quality in low
or medium ambient light, while reflective ones work
best in bright ambient light.
Transflective displays combine the best of both.

A typical LCD is made up of a number of key

components, including the backlight, diffusion panel and
LCD panel.

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 LCD
The backlight,
made up of
fluorescent tubes,
is the light source
for the LCD. A
white diffusion
panel redirects
and scatters the
light evenly to
ensure a uniform
display

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 LCD ADVANTAGES
▪ LCD Advantages Brightness Produces very bright
images due to high peak intensity. Very suitable for
environments that are brightly lit . Emissions
Produce considerably lower electric, magnetic and
electromagnetic fields than CRTs. Geometric
Distortion No geometric distortion at the native
resolution.

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 LCD DISADVANTAGES
▪ The color and contrast from
various viewing angles is
inconsistent.
▪ Features poor black on dark
imagery.
▪ Motion blur is common.
▪ With brightness from
backlighting, imagery may
appear flat.
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▪ Pixel-based display may be
stuck on screen.
▪ Fixed resolution.
▪ Newer technology costs
more.
▪ Imagery not as good with
analog interface.
 PROCESS OF MAKING A
LCD
Making passive matrix LCDs is a multi-step process. The
surface and rear glass of the display is first polished,
washed, and coated with silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). Next, a
layer of indium tin oxide is evaporated onto the glass and
etched into the desired pattern. A layer of long chain
polymer is then applied to allow the liquid crystals to
align properly, followed by a sealing resin. The spacers
next are put into place, and the glass sandwich is filled
with the liquid crystal material.

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 PROCESS OF MAKING A
LCD
Preparing the glass substrates
1. First, the two glass substrates must be cut to the proper
size, polished, and washed. Cutting can be done with a
diamond saw or scribe, while polishing involves a process
called lapping, in which the glass is held against a
rotating wheel that has abrasive particles embedded in it.
After being washed and dried, the substrates are coated
with a layer of silicon dioxide.

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 PROCESS OF MAKING A
LCD
Making the electrode pattern
2. Next, the transparent electrode pattern must be made on
the substrates. This is done by completely coating both
front and rear glass surfaces with a very thin layer of
indium tin oxide. Manufacturers then make a mask of the
desired pattern, using either a silk-screening or
photolithography process. They apply the finished mask
to the fully coated glass, and areas of indium tin oxide
that are not needed are etched away chemically.

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 PROCESS OF MAKING A
LCD
3. Alternatively, finer definition can be achieved by using glass that
has a layer of etching-resistant, light-sensitive material (called
photoresist) above the indium tin oxide film. A mask with the
desired pattern is placed over the glass, and the glass is
bombarded with ultraviolet light. This light causes the resistive
layer it shines on to lose its resistance to etching, allowing the
chemicals to eat away both the exposed photoresist and the
indium tin oxide below it, thus forming the pattern. The
unnecessary photoresist that remains can then be removed with
other chemicals. A second variety of resistive film resists etching
only after it is exposed to ultraviolet light; in this case, a negative
mask of the pattern must be used. Regardless of which method is
used, the patterns on the two substrates are designed to overlap
only in specific places, a design that ensures that the thin strips
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of indium tin oxide conveying voltage to each element have no
 PROCESS OF MAKING A
LCD
Applying the polymer
4. After the electrode pattern is in place, the
substrates must be coated with a polymer. The
polymer allows the liquid crystals to align properly
with the glass surface. Polyvinyl alcohol,
polyamides, and some silanes can be used.
Polyamides are the most popular agents, because
polyvinyl alcohol is subject to moisture problems,
and silanes produce a thin, unreliable coating.

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 PROCESS OF MAKING A
LCD
5. After coating the glass, manufacturers then stroke
the polymer coat in a single direction with soft
material. This can result in small parallel grooves
being etched into the polymer, or it may simply
stretch the polymer coat. In any case, this process
forces the liquid crystals to lie parallel to the
direction of the stroke. The crystals may be aligned
another way, by evaporating silicon oxide onto the
glass surface at an oblique angle. This procedure is
used to make most digital watch displays but is not
convenient for making large-scale displays. It also
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does not yield the low-tilt angle possible with the
 PROCESS OF MAKING A
LCD
6. Color and Gray-Scale Accuracy
▪ The internal Gamma and gray-scale of an LCD is
very irregular. Special circuitry attempts to fix it,
often with only limited success. LCDs typically
produce fewer than 256 discrete intensity levels. For
some LCDs portions of the gray-scale may be
dithered. Images are pleasing but not accurate
because of problems with black-level, gray-scale
and Gamma, which affects the accuracy of the gray-
scale and color mixtures. Generally not suitable for
professional image color balancing.
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 AMOLED
Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting
Diode
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 WHAT IS AMOLED?
▪ AMOLED is a display device technology used in
smartwatches, mobile devices, laptops, and televisions.
OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display
technology in which organic compounds form the
electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to
the technology behind the addressing of pixels.
▪ LED is a display panel, these are little lights that shrunk
down dramatically and arranged in red, green and blue
clusters to create an individual pixel that can reproduce
white light and various colors. The arrangement of these
subpixels can alter the performance of the displays
slightly.
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 WHAT IS AMOLED?
▪ The O part in AMOLED stands for organic. There are a
series of thin organic material films placed between two
conductors in each LED, which is then used to produce
light when a current is applied.
▪ The AM part in AMOLED stands in for Active Matrix. This
tells us how each little OLED is controlled. Active Matrix
systems attach a thin film transistor (TFT) and capacitor
to each LED. This way, when a row and column is
activated to access a pixel, the capacitor at the correct
pixel can retain its charge in between refresh cycles,
allowing for faster and more precise control.

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 AMOLED
▪ Super AMOLED, which is Samsung’s marketing term for a
display that incorporates the capacitive touchscreen right
into the display, instead of it being a separate layer on
top of the display. This makes the display thinner.

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 ADVANTAGES OF AMOLED
DISPLAY

▪ One advantage of AMOLED display is thinness. A typical

AMOLED display has an organic plastic layer that is about
100 to 500 nanometres thick. This is about 200 times
thinner than the strand of human hair, thus making it
thinner, lighter, and more flexible than the crystalline
layers of LED or LCD display. This thinness also produces
brighter luminescence compared to LED.
▪ Energy efficiency is another advantage of AMOLED
display because they emit light without generating too
much heat, energy loss due to heat transfer is lesser.

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 ADVANTAGES OF AMOLED
DISPLAY

▪ An AMOLED display also does not require backlighting

unlike LCD because each pixel of organic material
generates light itself. Within the same display, power
consumption is uneven, focusing mostly on active pixels
as represented by on-screen image. Blacks do not
consume power because the underlying pixels are
actually turned off.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF AMOLED
DISPLAY

▪ Organic materials have limited lifespan

▪ AMOLED displays are very prone to screen burn-in, which
leaves a permanent imprint of overused colours
represented by overused images.
▪ Organic compounds are also highly susceptible to water
damages unlike light diodes or inorganic crystalline.
Submerging an AMOLED display in water would result in
immediate loss of some colours represented by burn-in or
dead pixels.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF AMOLED
DISPLAY

▪ AMOLED display is difficult to view in direct sunlight due

to reduced maximum brightness and lack of backlighting.

▪ Another disadvantage of AMOLED display is cost.

Manufacturing this display technology can be costly due
to the complexity in fabricating substrates. The individual
parts of the same display can also be costly and
assembling them together remains much more expensive
than LCD manufacturing.

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Monochrome
LCD
These displays are small, only about
1.5" diameter, but very readable due
and comes with a backlight. This
display is made of 84x48 individual
pixels, so you can use it for graphics,
text or bitmaps. These displays are
inexpensive, easy to use, require only
a few digital I/O pins and are fairly
low power as well.
Monochrome
LCD
To drive the display, you will need 3
to 5 digital output pins (depending on
whether you want to manually
control the chip select and reset
lines). Another pin can be used to
control (via on/off or PWM) the
backlight.