COMPLEX

ANALYSIS
Section 5: Integration in the Complex Plane

Lecturer: Dashti A. ALi

2014 - 2015
 Outline

 Real Integrals
 Complex Integrals
 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 5:
5: Integration
Integration in
in the
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Complex Plane
Plane Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 2
 Outline

 Real Integrals
 Complex Integrals
 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Complex
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Integration in
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Dashti A.
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Ali 3
 Real Integrals
 
We can begin with the five steps leading to the definition of the definite (or
Riemann) integral of a function f; we follow it with the definition of line
integrals in the Cartesian plane.

Steps Leading to the Definition of the Definite Integral

1. Let f be a function of a single variable x defined at all points in a closed
interval [a, b].
2. Let be a partition:

of [a, b] into n subintervals of length .

See Figure 5.1.

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 Real Integrals
 
3. Let be the norm of the partition of [a, b], that is, the length of the longest
subinterval.
4. Choose a number in each subinterval of [a, b]. See Figure 5.1.
5. Form products , and then sum these products:

 Figure 5.1 Partition of [a, b] with in each subinterval

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 Real Integrals

Terminology
Suppose a curve in the plane is parametrised by a set of equations , , , where
and are continuous real functions. Let the initial and terminal points of , that
is, and , be denoted by the symbols and , respectively. We say that:
1. C is a smooth curve if and are continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
and not simultaneously zero on the open interval (a, b).
2. C is a piecewise smooth curve if it consists of a finite number of smooth
curves joined end to end, that is, the terminal point of one curve coinciding
with the initial point of the next curve .
3. C is a simple curve if the curve C does not cross itself except possibly at
t = a and t = b.

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 Real Integrals

4. C is a closed curve if A = B.
5. C is a simple closed curve if the curve C does not cross itself and A = B;
that is, C is simple and closed.

Figure 5.2 illustrates each type of curve defined in 1–5.

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 Real Integrals
 
Method of Evaluation– Defined Parametrically
The line integrals can be evaluated in two ways, depending on whether the
curve is defined by a pair of parametric equations or by an explicit function.
Either way, the basic idea is to convert a line integral to a definite integral in a
single variable.
• The partition induces a partition of the curve
into subarcs of length . Let the projection
of each subarc onto the x- and y-axes have
lengths and , respectively.
See Figure 5.3.

  Figure 5.3 Partition of curve into

subarcs induced by a partition of the
parameter interval [a, b]
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 Real Integrals
 
If is smooth curve parametrised by , , , then replace and in the integral by the
functions and , and the appropriate differential or by

The term is called the differential of the arc length.

Now we define the following line integrals with respect to .

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 Real Integrals

Example 5.1
Evaluate

,where the path of integration is the quarter circle defined by , , .

Solution:

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 Real Integrals
 
Method of Evaluation– Defined by a Function
If the path of integration is the graph of an explicit function , , then we can
use as a parameter. In this situation, the differential of is , and the differential
of arc length is .
After substituting, we get the following three line integrals as definite
integrals:

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 Real Integrals
 
A line integral along a piecewise smooth curve is defined as the sum of the
integrals over the various smooth curves whose union comprises . For
example, to evaluate when is composed of two smooth curves and , we begin
by writing

Notation
It is common practice to write as .
A line integral along a closed curve is usually denoted by

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 Real Integrals

Example 5.2
Evaluate , where is the graph of
Solution:

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 Real Integrals

Example 5.3
Evaluate , where is the circle defined by
Solution:

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 Real Integrals

Example 5.4
Evaluate , where C is the closed curve shown below.
Solution:

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 Outline

 Real Integrals
 Complex Integrals
 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

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 Complex Integrals

Definition Complex Integral

An integral of a function of a complex variable that is defined on a contour is
denoted by and is called a complex integral.

Note
• In complex analysis, a piecewise smooth curve C is called a contour or
path.
• The positive direction on a contour C to be the direction on the curve
corresponding to increasing values of the parameter t. It is also said that
the curve C has positive orientation.
• The negative direction on a contour C is the direction opposite the
positive direction.

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 Complex Integrals
 

Moreover, we will use the notation to represent a complex integral around a

positively oriented closed curve . When it is important to distinguish the
direction of integration around a closed curve, we will employ the notations

We shall from now on refer to a complex integral by its more common name,
contour integral.

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 Complex Integrals
 
Complex-Valued Function of a Real Variable
If and are real-valued functions of a real variable continuous on a common
interval , then we define the integral of the complex-valued function on in
terms of the definite integrals of the real and imaginary parts of :

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 Complex Integrals
 
All of the following familiar properties of integrals can be proved directly
From the previous integral. If and are complex-valued functions of a real
variable t continuous on an interval , then

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 Complex Integrals

Theorem 5.1 Evaluation of a Contour Integral

If is continuous on a smooth curve given by the parameterisation

, then

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 Complex Integrals

Example 5.5
Evaluate , where is given by , , .
Solution:

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 Complex Integrals

Example 5.6
Evaluate , where is the circle , , .
Solution:

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 Complex Integrals

Theorem 5.2 Properties of Contour Integrals

Suppose the functions and are continuous in a domain , and is a smooth

curve lying entirely in . Then

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 Complex Integrals

Example 5.7
Evaluate , where is the contour shown in the following Figure.
Solution:

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 Outline

 Real Integrals
 Complex Integrals
 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Theorem 5.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Suppose that a function is analytic in a simply connected domain . Then for

every simple closed contour in ,

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
 
Simply and Multiply Connected Domains
A domain is simply connected if we draw any simple closed contour so that
it lies entirely within a simply connected domain, then encloses only points of
the domain . Expressed yet another way, a simply connected domain has no
“holes” in it. A domain that is not simply connected is called a multiply
connected domain.

Simply connected domain D Multiply connected domain D

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Example 5.8
Evaluate , where the contour is shown in the following figure.
Solution:

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Example 5.9
Evaluate , where the contour is the ellipse .
Solution:

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Theorem 5.3 Deformation of Contours

Let be analytic in a region bounded by two simple closed curves and [where
lies inside on these curves. Then

where and are both traversed in the positive sense relative to their interiors
[counterclockwise].

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
 
The result shows that if we wish to integrate along curve , we can equivalently
replace by any curve so long as is analytic in the region between and .

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Example 5.10
Evaluate , where is the contour shown in black in the figure bellow.
Solution:

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
 
Using the principle of deformation of contours in Theorem 5.3, it can be shown
that if is any constant complex number interior to any simple closed contour ,
then for an integer we have

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Example 5.11
Evaluate

where is the circle .

Solution:

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Theorem 5.4 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem for Multiply Connected

Domains
Suppose are simple closed curves with a positive orientation such that are
interior to but the regions interior to each ,
, have no points in common. If is analytic on each contour and at each point
interior to but exterior to all the , , then

This is a generalization of Theorem 5.3.

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 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

Example 5.12
Evaluate , where is the circle
Solution:

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 Outline

 Real Integrals
 Complex Integrals
 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

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5: Integration
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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Theorem 5.5 Cauchy’s First Integral Formula

Suppose that is analytic in a simply connected domain and is any simple

closed contour lying entirely within . Then for any point within ,

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Example 5.13
Evaluate , where is the circle
Solution:

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Example 5.14
Evaluate , where is the circle
Solution:

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Theorem 5.5 Cauchy’s Second Integral Formula

Suppose that is analytic in a simply connected domain and is any simple

closed contour lying entirely within . Then for any point within ,

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Example 5.15
Evaluate , where is the circle
Solution:

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Example 5.16
Evaluate , where C is the figure-eight contour as shown in the following
Figure
Solution:

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Example 5.17
Evaluate ,
Solution:

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Example 5.18
Evaluate , where is the circle
Solution:

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Theorem 5.6 Derivative of an Analytic Function Is Analytic

Suppose that is analytic in a simply connected domain . Then possesses

derivatives of all orders at every point in . The derivatives are analytic
functions in .

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Theorem 5.7 Cauchy’s Inequality

Suppose that is analytic in a simply connected domain and is a circle defined

by that lies entirely in . If for all points on , then

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Theorem 5.8 Liouville’s Theorem

The only bounded entire functions are constants.

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Theorem 5.9 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

If is a non constant polynomial, then the equation has at least one root.

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 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their Consequences

Theorem 5.10 Morera’s Theorem

If is continuous in a simply connected domain and if for every closed

contour in , then is analytic in .

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