COMPLEX

ANALYSIS
Section 4: Elementary Functions

Lecturer: Mardan A. Pirdawood

2019 - 2020
 Outline

 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Complex Powers
 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 2
 Outline

 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Complex Powers
 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 3
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Definition: Complex Exponential Function

The function defined by:

is called the complex exponential function.

 
The Complex Exponential Function agrees with the real exponential function
when is real. That is, if is real, then , and the previous definition gives:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 4
 Modulus, Argument, and Conjugate
 
We express the complex number in polar form:

then

Because is the modulus and is an argument of , we have:

and

We know from calculus that for all real , and so it follows that
. This implies that for all complex .

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 5
 Modulus, Argument, and Conjugate
 
Since the real cosine function is even,
we have for all, and since the real sine
function is odd, we have for all y.

 
Therefore, for all complex , we have shown:

Theorem 4.1 Analyticity of

The exponential function is entire and its derivative is given by:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 6
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Example 4.1
Find the derivative of each of the following functions:

Solution:

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Complex Analysis
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Section 4:
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Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
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Ali 7
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Theorem 4.2 Algebraic Properties of

If and are complex numbers, then

 
The complex exponential function is periodic with a pure imaginary
period .

Complex
Complex Analysis
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Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 8
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 
Definition: Complex Logarithm

The multiple-valued function defined by:

Is called the complex logarithm.

In real analysis, is often defined as an inverse function of the real exponential

function . From this point on, we will to represent this function. Because the
real exponential function is one-to-one on its domain R, so we can define this
inverse function. The situation is very different in complex analysis because the
complex exponential function is not a one-to-one function on its domain C.

Complex
Complex Analysis
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Elementary Functions
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Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 9
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 
In fact, for a nonzero complex number , the equation has infinitely many
solutions. Suppose that is a solution of . Then

Since

it follows that and , or, equivalently, and

. Therefore

Note: will be used to denote the complex logarithm.

Using the exponential notation we obtain the following alternative description
of the complex logarithm:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 10
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Example 4.2
Find all complex solutions to each of the following equations.

Solution:

Complex
Complex Analysis
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Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Theorem 4.3 Algebraic Properties of

If and are nonzero complex numbers and n is an integer, then

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Complex Analysis
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4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 12
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 
Definition: Principal Value of the Complex Logarithm

The complex function defined by:

Is called the principal value of the complex logarithm.

The principal value of the complex logarithm can also be given by:

Complex
Complex Analysis
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4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 13
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Example 4.3
Compute the principal value of the complex logarithm for

Solution:

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Dashti A.
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Ali 14
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Theorem 4.4 Analyticity of the Principal Branch of

The principal branch of the complex logarithm is an analytic function and its
derivative is given by:

Then we can write:

Complex
Complex Analysis
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Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Example 4.4
Find the derivatives of the following functions in an appropriate domain:

Solution:

Complex
Complex Analysis
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Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
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Ali 16
 Outline

 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Complex Powers
 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 17
 Complex Powers

Definition Complex Powers

If is a complex number and , then the complex power is defined to be:

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Complex Analysis
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Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 18
 Complex Powers

Example 4.5
Find the values of the given complex power:

Solution:

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Dashti A.
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 Complex Powers

Definition Principal Value of a Complex Power

If is a complex number and , then the function defined by:

Is called the principal value of the complex power .

Complex
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4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 20
 Complex Powers

Example 4.6
Find the principal value of each complex power:

Solution:

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 Complex Powers

Theorem 4.5 Differentiability of the Principal Branch of

On the domain , ,The principal value of the complex power is differentiable

and

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 Complex Powers

Example 4.7
Find the derivative of the principal value at the point .
Solution:

Complex
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Dashti A.
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 Outline

 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Complex Powers
 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 24
 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Definition Complex Sine and Cosine Functions

The complex sine and cosine functions are defined by:

Analogous to real trigonometric functions, we can define the complex tangent,

cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions using the complex sine and cosine:

Complex
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4: Elementary
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Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 25
 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Example 4.8
In each part, express the value of the given trigonometric function in the form .

Solution:

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Dashti A.
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 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 
Identities

Each of the following is identical to its real analogue.

Periodicity
The complex sine and cosine are periodic functions with a real period of . The
periodicity of the secant and cosecant functions follows immediately. the
complex tangent and cotangent are periodic with a real period of .

Complex
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Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 27
 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Example 4.9
Find all solutions to the equation .
Solution:

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 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 Modulus

To find the modulus of the complex trigonometric functions we first express

these functions in terms of their real and imaginary parts. If we replace the
symbol with the symbol in the expression for in , then we obtain:

Since the real hyperbolic sine and cosine functions are defined by
and then

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 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 
For the complex cosine function in a similar way we can obtain

Now the modulus of the complex sine and cosine functions can be derived as:

After a similar computation for the complex cosine function we obtain:

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 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 
Derivatives of Complex Trigonometric Functions

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 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Definition Complex Hyperbolic Sine and Cosine

The complex hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine functions are defined by:

Analogous to real trigonometric functions, we can define the complex

hyperbolic tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions using the
complex hyperbolic sine and cosine:

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 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 
Derivatives of Complex Trigonometric Functions

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 Outline

 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Complex Powers
 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 4:
4: Elementary
Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 34
 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Definition Inverse Sine

The multiple-valued function defined by:

is called the inverse sine.

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 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Example 4.10
Find all values of .
Solution:

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 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Definition Inverse Cosine and Inverse Tangent

The multiple-valued function defined by:

is called the inverse cosine.

The multiple-valued function defined by:

is called the inverse tangent.

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 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 
Derivatives of Branches , , and

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 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Example 4.11
Let represent a branch of the inverse sine obtained by using the principal
Branches of the square root and the logarithm. Find the derivative of this
branch at
Solution:

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 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Definition Inverse Hyperbolic Sine, Cosine, and Tangent

The multiple-valued functions , , and , defined

by:

are called the inverse hyperbolic sine, the inverse hyperbolic cosine, and
the inverse hyperbolic tangent, respectively

Complex
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Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 40
 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 
Derivatives of Branches , , and

Complex
Complex Analysis
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Section 4:
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Elementary Functions
Functions Lecturer:
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Dashti A.
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 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Example 4.12
Let represent the branch of the inverse hyperbolic cosine obtained by using
the branch of the square root and the principal branch of the complex
logarithm. Find the following values.

Solution:

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Dashti A.
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