XRD basics

OIM lab
 Specifications of Panalytical XRD
Mains supply 200-240V
Max. loading current 45A
System dimensions 1975*1132*1371(mm)

Radius of goniometer 320mm

Minimum step size in 0.0010,1.270
θ&2θ,max step size

X ray generator 4kW(max.60kV,max.100

mA)

Tube voltage 15-60kV

Tube current 5-60mA
Anode used Cu
Recommended setting(Cu) 45kV,40 mA
Kβ line filter Ni
 What equipment can do?
1.Lattice parameter determination

2.Quantitative phase analysis

3.Residual stress determination

4.Texture measurements

5.GI XRD
 Optimal excitation voltage
The optimum excitation voltage depends upon the target material used

The optimum voltage is around 4 times the Kα line

Anode Mo Cu Co Cr
material

Kα 17.4 8 6.9 5.4

energy(keV)

Optimal 60-50 40 30 25-20

voltage(kV)
 What are X rays
X rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between 0.01nm-10nm.

How are X rays produced

• X rays are produced when electrically charged particle of sufficient kinetic energy
rapidly decelerates.
• High speed electrons collide with metal target to produce X rays

• Therefore an X ray tube must contain

1. A source of electrons
2. A high accelerating voltage
3. A metal target
4. Since the kinetic energy of electrons is converted into heat in the target the latter
must be water cooled to prevent its melting.
The anode is at ground potential.

The voltage range for diffraction purpose is 30kV-50kV.

White radiation & Characteristic spectrum

The interaction of the accelerating electrons with the anode leads to loss in energy leads
to continuous radiation
Filters