The total heat rejection at the condenser

includes both the heat absorbed in the

evaporator and the energy equivalent of the
work of compression. Any superheat absorbed
by the suction vapor from the surrounding air
also becomes a part of the load on the
condenser.
Condenser load = (compressor capacity) X
(heat rejection factor)
 TYPE OF
CONDENSER
AIRCOOLED
WATER COOLED
 EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

Multi-blade
Centrifugal Fan

Eliminators
Spray Nozzles
Air Intake
Screen

Pump Floor
Assembly
 Air Out

Make CONDENSER
-up
water
Float

Pump Fan Roof Air conditioning

evaporator

Overflow
AEV

Air cooling Unit which uses an EVAPORATOR

Evaporative Condenser. Note Sight
glass
that the condenser is located
Drier
outside of conditioned space.
Shut off
valve

Receiver
Compressor
 TYPES OF
AIR COOLED
CONDENSER
a) Natural Convection b) Forced-air Type
Heat Pump Heating Cycle
Heat Pump Cooling
Cycle
 TYPES OF
WATER COOLED CONDENSER
 a) Tube in tube or double pipe

b) Shell and coil c) Shell and tube

EVAPORATOR
 EVAPORATOR

An evaporator is any heat transfer

surface in which a volatile liquid is
vaporized for the purpose of removing
heat from a refrigerant space or
product. Evaporators are classified such
as: type of construction, method of
liquid feed, operating condition, method
of air (or liquid circulation, type of
refrigerant control, and application.
 CLASSIFICATION OF EVAPORATOR
ACCORDING TO THE METHOD
OF REFIGERANT FEED
 Suction to
compressor Baffle
Accumulator

Flash chamber Liquid level

Liquid from
receiver
Liquid-vapor mixture
Float Liquid-vapor mixture
control

a) Dry-expansion evaporator b) Flooded evaporator

 Types of evaporator according to
method of air or liquid circulation

a) Natural convection
Bare type evaporator ratings are given per
square foot of external pipe surface, although in some
instances bare tube evaporators are rated per linear foot
of pipe.
Ratings for plate evaporators are given per square
foot of plate surface.

Required capacity = Total cooling

load(Btu/hr) Per bank(Btu/hr) Number
of banks desired
 NATURAL CONVECTION

Air flow
Refrigerant in 1 3 Circuits
2

3
Refrigerant out
Refrigerant
distributor
 b) Forced
convection
The total cooling capacity of any
evaporator is directly related to the air quantity
(in cubic feet per minute) circulated over the
evaporator.
Cfm = Total capacity (Btu/hr) x sensible
heat ratio
Temperature drop of the air x
1.08 The air velocity (feet per minute) over the
coil is a function of the air quantity (cubic feet per
minute) and the face area of the evaporator
(square feet).

Velocity = Air quantity (cfm)

Face area (sq. ft.)
FORCED CONVECTION
 TYPES OF EVAPORATOR

ACCORDONG TO CONSTRUCTION
 a) Bare tube evaporator

b) Plate surface

c) Finned evaporator

d) Baudelot
cooler
e) Double pipe evaporator

f) Tank and coil

 COMMON DESIGN FOR
BARE TUBE COILS

Flat zigzag coil Oval trombone coil

TYPICAL SHAPES IN PLATE TYPE
EVAPORATOR

Standard serpentine plate

evaporator
 FINNED EVAPORATOR

Air flow
Refrigerant in 1 3 Circuits
2

3 Air flow
Refrigerant out
Refrigerant
distributor

OUT

Counter-flow of refrigerant IN
and air results in more even
loading and a higher mean
temperature differential.
Evaporator with refrigerant distributor and suction header.
Notice counter-flow arrangement for refrigerant and air.
Baudelot Cooler with float switch, solenoid
liquid valve, evaporator pressure regulator,
and solenoid pilot valve
Evaporator pressure Solenoid pilot valve
regulator
Strainer
Heat exchanger

Out In
Surge drum
Hand expansion Relief valve
Water cooled section valve
Solenoid liquid valve

Strainer
Float switch

Liquid level
Globe valve
Refrigerant
cooled section
Tube in tube or double pipe evaporator

Tank and coil evaporator

Double pipe cooler Removable return bends are designed
to make tube readily accessible for
cleaning
SHELL-AND-COIL COOLER
TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION OF TANK-TYPE LIQUID COOLER
CHILLERS
a) Dry expansion or DX chiller

b) Flooded chiller

c) Spray tube chiller

d) Tank type liquid chiller

e) Shell and coil chiller

DRY EXPANSION
OR DX CHILLER
DRY-EXPANSION CHILLER WITH FIXED TUBE SHEETS
 DRY EXPANSION TYPE
Note: Baffling of water circuit, tube sheets are
fixed
DRY-EXPANSION CHILLER TUBE ARRANGEMENT
AND REFRIGERANT DISTRIBUTORS
 FLOODED CHILLER

Condenser

Condenser
water Compressor Motor

Economizer

Chilled Cooler
water

Flooded chiller designed for multipass
circulation of chilled liquid. Multipass
circulation is accomplished by means of
the battled end-plates or water heads
that are bolted to the ends of the chiller.
Flooded chiller with shell
only partially filled with
tubes in order to provide a
large vapor disengaging
area above the tubes.
TYPICAL SHELL AND TUBE CHILLERS

HOODED TYPE (TUBE BUNDLE IS REMOVABLE)

Vertical shell-and-tube “Spira-flo” Chiller designed for
flooded operation. The water flowing down through the tube
is given a swirling action by especially designed nozzeles.
 BRINE SPRAY COOLER

Air

Brine to
concentrator

Eliminators

Brine spray To condensing

unit
Direct
From condensing
expansion
unit
evaporator
Air
Concentrator
Brine from concentrator
Brine
TANK TYPE
LIQUID
CHILLER

SHELL AND
COIL
CHILLER
 COOLING TOWERS

Cooling towers are essentially water

conservation or recovery devices. It is
evident that the effectiveness of the
cooling tower depends to a large degree
on the wet bulb WB temperature of the
entering air. The lower the WB
temperature of the entering, the more
effective the cooling tower.
 Factors that influence the performance of cooling
towers

a) the amount of exposed water surface and the

length (time) of exposure
b) the velocity of the air passing through
the tower
c) the direction of the air flow with relation to the
exposed
water surface (parallel, transverse, or counter)
The expose water surface includes (1) the surface of
the water in the water basin (2) all wetted surfaces in
the tower, and (3) the combined surface of the water
droplets falling through the tower.
The load of the cooling tower can be approximated by
measuring the water flow rate over the tower and the
entering and leaving water temperature.

flow rate (gpm) x 8.33 x (entering

Tower load Btu/min
water
=
temperature – leaving water
temperature)
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
 NATURAL DRAFT
OR
ATMOSPHERIC TOWER
 Natural draft or atmospheric tower

Hot water in
Make water from
city main

Cold water out

The air movement through the tower depends upon

the natural wind movement
MECHANICAL DRAFT
COOLING TOWER
Air is drawn ( or forced ) by fans
 CLASSIFICATION
of

MECHANICAL DRAFT
COOLING TOWER
 FORCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER

Air out

Spray eliminator

Wood fill

Water in
Air in

Water out

A fan forces the air up through the tower.

 INDUCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER

Water in
Spray eliminator

Air out
Air in

Water out
Basin

A fan sucks the air through the tower.

 The amount of water that can evaporate will
naturally depend upon the capability of the
circulating air to take in moisture or water vapor.
The wet bulb depression of air (i.e. the difference
between the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the
air) is the determining factor for the amount of
water vapor that the air can take. For example, air
at 35 ºC dry bulb and 25 ºC wet bulb temperature
can take more water vapor than air at 35 ºC dry
and 30 ºC wet bulb temperature. Thus, it is the
wet bulb temperature of air around the cooling
tower that determines its capacity. Theoretically
the water, in passing through the cooling tower
should be cooled down to the wet bulb
temperature of the air. However, in actual
practice, the temperature reaches a few degrees –
4 to 5.6 ºC above the wet bulb temperature. The
difference between the temperature of water
 The efficiency of the cooling tower can be
expressed as the ratio:

Actual cooling obtained

Theoretical cooling to be obtained

i.e.

Temperature difference of entering and leaving water(range)

(temperature of entering water) - (wet bulb temperature of
air)
AIR CONDITIONING COMFORT-COOLING
INSTALLATION USING COOLING TOWER
OPERATION AND ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
IN HVAC

Operating Procedures:
Before starting the plant, ensure
that:
1. All the valves in the refrigeration system, condenser condenser water lines
and chilled water lines are open, except those of the standby items of
equipments .
2. There is sufficient water supply to the cooling tower and the make up
water system is working satisfactorily.

3. That the make up water system to the expansion tank of the chilled water
circuit is working and there is regular water supply.

4. That all filters and water strainers are

clean.
5. That all doors and windows of the air conditioned/refrigerated area are
closed.
6. That the crankcase of the compressor is warm ( to the physical
touch)
7. That the supply voltage is within permissible
limits.
 Starting sequence and importance/significance of each step:

1. Switch ON the mains . Observe the voltage.

2. Now start the :

2.1 Air-handling unit (AHU) motors

2.2 Condenser water pump/s

2.3 Cooling tower fan/s

2.4 Chilled water pump/s (chilled water system)

2.5 Switch On compressor control switch

2.6  Switch on the refrigerant solenoid valve or the pilot solenoid valve

2.7  Start the compressor motor. In the compressor with oil pumps , the compressor
oil pressure should build up as the compressor is started. Check the oil level in
the sight glass of the compressor.
3. After the plant operation has stabilized, check all the pressures and
temperatures and ensure that the plant is working satisfactorily.
Readings are to be taken and recorded.

4. Analyze plant
performance:

4.1 Discharge pressure ( saturation temperature corresponding to

the discharge pressure) generally will be 10 °C to 11 °C above the
temperature of the water entering the condenser.

4.2 The following ‘cooling tower WB approach’ may be taken if the

cooling tower selection details are not available: atmospheric
cooling tower : 4.5°C to 5.5°C induced draft cooling tower : 2.7°C to
3.3°C. Cooling tower performance also can be judged by the
relation between WB temperature of the surroundings and cooling
tower sump temperature (this difference is called the ‘ wet bulb
approach ’ of the cooling tower.)
 4.3 In air-cooled systems, the condensing temperature will be about
11°C to 14°C above the dry bulb temperature of the surroundings. Note:
in the water-cooled units, the condensing temperature is governed by the
outside wet bulb temperature, while in air-cooled units it is the outside dry
bulb temperature that has to be considered.

4.4 Suction pressure is governed by the load on the plant.

5. Record periodically the readings of temperature, pressures, current, and

other data in the log sheet.

6. Check for any unusual noise/vibration .

7. During the operation, if the system stops , try to trace out the reason,
before starting it again.
Stopping sequence:

1. Switch off the refrigerant solenoid valve.

2. Switch off compressor mains .

3. Check that the crankcase electric heater comes

on as soon as the compressor stops.

4. Stop chilled water pump/s.

5. Stop air handling unit/s

6. Stop condenser water pump/s and cooling tower

fan/s.
Routine maintenance:

1. Clean the air filters.

2. Leak testing for refrigerant leak.

3. Check water pump ( packed ) glands.

4. Clean the water strainers.

5. Belt tension of belt drives.

6. Check the spray of the cooling tower nozzles.

7. Drain , clean and refill the cooling tower sump.

8. Check pressure and temperature

controls.
 DAMPERS AND CONTROL
FLOW

Bypass
Bypass

Condensing coil
Condensing coil

A- Bypass to control temperature and relative humidity

 Exhaust

air
Fresh air
Room

Conditioning
system

B- Dampers to control fresh air, exhaust air and bypass

 Cooling coil

Heating coil

C- Controlling air over either cooling or heating coil

CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of air
and water vapor.

Psychrometric properties are the properties of moist air.

A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the

thermodynamic properties of moist air.

Relative Humidity – Ratio of (difference between) amount of

water vapor present in air to greatest amount possible at same
temperature.

Absolute humidity
Relative humidity = X 100 %
Saturation quantity

Absolute Humidity – is the quantity of water, which is contained,

in one cu. Meter (m3) of air.
Saturation quantity – is the quantity of water which one m3
can absorb at the temperature concerned.

 The relative humidity is then 100 % max. (dew point

temperature

 The amount of moisture in the air depends primarily

on the relative humidity, which in turn is dependent
on the air temperature and the weather conditions.

Dew point – temperature at which vapor (at 100 % humidity)

begins to condense and deposit as a liquid.
Sling psychrometer – measuring device with wet and
dry bulb thermometers, it measures relative humidity

 The difference between the dry bulb and the wet bulb
readings is known as the “depression”.

 The depression is indicated on the chart in the

horizontal column at the top.

 The air or dry bulb temperature is indicated at the

left side vertical column.

 To determine percent of relative humidity, first

determine the dry bulb temperature and then
the depression.

 The intersection of both columns is the percent of

relative humidity.
Constant property lines on a psychrometric chart
BASIC PROCESSING IN CONDITIONING OF AIR

The common processes involved in air conditioning

are at practically constant pressures and can be
illustrated by lines on a psychrometric chart
BASIC PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSESS
Process 0 – 1 Sensible heating

Process 0 – 2 Sensible cooling

Process 0 – 3 Humidifying

Process 0 – 4 Dehumidifying

Process 0 – 5 Heating and humidifying

Process 0 – 6 Cooling and dehumidifying

Process 0 – 7 Cooling and humidifying

Process 0 – 8 Heating and dehumidifying

The first two processes, sensible heating and cooling,
involve only a change in the dry bulb temperature

Humidifying and dehumidifying involve a change

in humidity, ratio (moisture content).

The last four processes involve both changes

in temperature as well as in humidity ratio.
Illustrating property data available from the
psychrometric chart